Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves (37 page)

7.
Bear,
Jefferson at Monticello
, pp. vi, 31.

8.
www.monticello.org/archaeology/survey/site22.html
.

9.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, pp. 74–77.

10.
www.monticello.org/plantation/work/nailmaking.html
; Daniel Bradley to TJ, Sept. 7, 1805, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston; TJ to Daniel Bradley, Oct. 6, 1805, in
Farm Book
, pp. 20–21; Stanton,
Free Some Day
, pp. 75–76.

11.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, p. 83.

12.
Bear,
Jefferson at Monticello
, pp. 97–99.

13.
TJ to Reuben Perry, May 10, 1811, in
Papers
, Retirement Series, vol. 3.

14.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, pp. 80–82; Towler, “Albemarle County Court Orders.”

15.
Martin, “Mr. Jefferson's Business,” p. xxxix.

16.
Bear,
Jefferson at Monticello
, p. 80.

17.
Ibid., p. 71.

18.
Ibid., p. 97.

19.
Bacon to TJ, May 19, 1819, quoted in Martin, “Mr. Jefferson's Business,” p. xxxviii.

20.
Bear,
Jefferson at Monticello
, p. 90.

21.
Ibid., pp. 92–93.

22.
Neiman, McFaden, and Wheeler, “Archaeological Investigation of the Elizabeth Hemings Site.” In the summer of 2007 the archaeology team found evidence of other slave houses near this site.

23.
Ibid., p. 8.

24.
Ibid., p. 54. The tea set is on display at the Visitor Center.

25.
Crawford: Getting Word Project File, interview, March 26, 2001, quoted in Bon-Harper, Neiman, and Wheeler, “Monticello's Park Cemetery,” p. 9; visitors' question: ibid., p. 1.

26.
Philip D. Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, p. 642.

27.
Gawalt, “Jefferson's Slaves.”

28.
The Grangers also received seven pecks of cornmeal—the stuff of the hoecakes that formed the staple of a bland diet. Bear,
Jefferson at Monticello
, p. 54; Sorensen, “Taking Care of Themselves.”

29.
TJ to Edward Coles, Aug. 25, 1814, in
Papers
, Retirement Series, vol. 7.

30.
TJ to William A. Burwell, Jan. 28, 1805, in
Farm Book
, p. 20.

11. “To Serve You Faithful”

1.
“With Respect to the three Jobs Stewart was to do I beleave it will be impossople to Get him to do them The old man has never done one or not more than one days work since you Left heare. He is Eternally drunk and like a mad man.” Bacon to TJ, Nov. 8, 1807, in Martin, “Mr. Jefferson's Business” p. 59. “A very fine workman”: Bear,
Jefferson at Monticello
, p. 102.

2.
Quoted in Susan R. Stein, “Dining at Monticello: The ‘Feast of Reason,'” in Fowler,
Dining at Monticello
, p. 74.

3.
The French chef at the White House used a similar stove and wrote to TJ, “I am worried about the charcoal.” Working with charcoal stoves was a recognized hazard, but there is no record of Monticello cooks becoming ill. Etienne Lemaire to TJ, Sept. 17, 1804, translation courtesy of Lucia Stanton.

4.
The restorers followed a detailed inventory of cooking equipment drawn up by James Hemings before he left TJ's service. Dianne Swann-Wright, “African Americans and Monticello's Food Culture,” in Fowler,
Dining at Monticello
, p. 42.

5.
Justin A. Sarafin, “Like Clockwork: French Influence in Monticello's Kitchen,” in Fowler,
Dining at Monticello
, pp. 25–26.

6.
George Ticknor, Feb. 1815, in
Life, Letters, and Journals
, vol. 1, p. 36.

7.
Fowler,
Dining at Monticello
, pp. 1, 7.

8.
Elizabeth V. Chew, “Carrying the Keys: Women and Housekeeping at Monticello,” in ibid., pp. 33–34.

9.
Fowler,
Dining at Monticello
, p. 3.

10.
Lucia Stanton, “Nourishing the Congress: Hospitality at the President's House,” in ibid., pp. 8, 11–13.

11.
Stanton, “‘A Well-Ordered Household',” p. 13.

12.
Ibid., p. 10.

13.
Freeman to TJ, April 1804, dated as received April 18, Library of Congress; Deed of John Freeman's Indenture to James Madison, in
Papers
, Retirement Series, vol. 1.

14.
Freeman to TJ, March 2, 1809, Library of Congress.

15.
Stanton, “‘A Well-Ordered Household,'” p. 19.

16.
TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, Jan. 27, 1803, in
Family Letters
, p. 242;
www.history.com/this-day-in-history/presidents-child-born-in-white-house; www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28109794/ns/politics-white_house/t/blacks-white-house-slavery-service/#.TyvwUS01tu8
;
www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/marthajefferson
(accessed Feb. 4, 2012).

17.
Bear and Stanton,
Jefferson's Memorandum Books
, vol. 2, p. 1069.

18.
Family Letters
, pp. 229n2, 295n4.

19.
Lemaire to TJ, Aug. 17, 1802, transcript of translation by Lucia Stanton, Jefferson Library, International Center for Jefferson Studies.

20.
Farm Book
, plate 129; Bear and Stanton,
Jefferson's Memorandum Books
, vol. 2, p. 1077; Stanton, “‘A Well-Ordered Household,'” p. 11 caption.

21.
Stanton, “‘A Well-Ordered Household,'” pp. 9, 21n35.

22.
TJ to Joseph Dougherty, Sept. 6, 1807, quoted in ibid., p. 12.

23.
TJ to Dougherty, July 31, 1806, in
Farm Book
, p. 22.

24.
Stanton, “‘A Well-Ordered Household,'” p. 11.

25.
TJ to Lewis, April 12, 1792, in
Papers
, vol. 23.

26.
TJ to Bell, Sept. 25, 1792, in
Papers
, vol. 24.

12. The Double Aspect

1.
Quoted in Justus,
Down from the Mountain
, p. 150.

2.
Bear,
Jefferson at Monticello
, pp. 99–100.

3.
Lucia Stanton, “Those Who Labor for My Happiness,” in Onuf,
Jeffersonian Legacies
, pp. 152–53.

4.
Ibid., p. 151.

5.
Self and Stein, “Collaboration of Thomas Jefferson and John Hemings,” p. 236.

6.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, p. 136.

7.
Ibid., pp. 135–36.

8.
TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, May 19, 1793, in
Papers
, vol. 26.

9.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, p. 136.

10.
TJ to Richard Richardson, memorandum [ca. Dec. 21, 1799], in
Papers
, vol. 31, note.

11.
Bear,
Jefferson at Monticello
, p. 54.

12.
Ibid., pp. 101–102.

13.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, pp. 71, 137.

14.
TJ to Richardson, memorandum, in
Papers
, vol. 31; Langhorne,
Monticello
, p. 228.

15.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, pp. 121, 137; TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, Aug. 24, 1819, in
Family Letters
, p. 431.

16.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, p. 137.

17.
Horn,
Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest
, p. 40.

18.
TJ to Ellen Coolidge, Nov. 14, 1825, in
Family Letters
, p. 461; Martha J. Randolph to Ellen Coolidge, Nov. 16, 1825, Family Letters Digital Archive, Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc.,
http://retirementseries.dataformat.com
; Bear and Stanton,
Jefferson's Memorandum Books
, vol. 2, p. 1391.

19.
Cornelia Jefferson Randolph to Virginia Jefferson Randolph Trist, Nov. 7, 1814, Family Letters Digital Archive, Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc.,
http://retirementseries.dataformat.com

20.
Ellen (Eleanora) Wayles Randolph Coolidge to Martha Jefferson Randolph, [Poplar Forest], [Nov. 1816?], Family Letters Digital Archive.

21.
Quoted in Self and Stein, “Collaboration of Thomas Jefferson and John Hemings,” p. 233.

22.
TJ to Dinsmore, Nov. 15, 1808, Library of Congress.

23.
TJ to Dinsmore, April 13, 1817, Jefferson and others, Sixty-Eight Letters to and from Jefferson.

24.
TJ to Dinsmore, June 25, 1817.

25.
TJ to Dinsmore, Sept. 26, 1810, in
Papers
, Retirement Series, vol. 3.

26.
Langhorne,
Monticello
, p. 227.

27.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, p. 137.

28.
Bear and Stanton,
Jefferson's Memorandum Books
, vol. 2, pp. 1026, 1265, 1275, 1328, 1352.

29.
Papers
, Retirement Series, vol. 1, pp. 192–93n; vol. 3, p. 520n.

30.
Bacon wrote such a pass for Hubbard. Bear,
Jefferson at Monticello
, p. 98.

31.
Bear, “Hemings Family of Monticello,” p. 80.

32.
Stanton,
Free Some Day
, p. 104.

33.
TJ to Martha Jefferson Randolph, Aug. 8, 1790, in
Papers
, vol. 17.

34.
Bear and Stanton,
Jefferson's Memorandum Books
, vol. 2, pp. 923–24.

35.
Deed of Manumission for Robert Hemings, Dec. 24, 1794, in
Papers
, vol. 28; Stanton,
Free Some Day
, p. 118; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, Dec. 26, 1794, in
Papers
, vol. 28.

36.
Martha Jefferson Randolph to TJ, Jan. 15, 1795, in
Papers
, vol. 28.

37.
When Robert died in 1819 at age fifty-seven, Martha wrote to her father that “Poor old Robert Hemming is dead.” Bear, “Hemings Family of Monticello,” pp. 80–81;
Farm Book
, p. 451.

38.
TJ to William Short, May 7, 1784, in
Papers
, vol. 7.

39.
McLaughlin,
Jefferson and Monticello
, pp. 220–22.

40.
Bear and Stanton,
Jefferson's Memorandum Books
, vol. 2, p. 808n7.

41.
Ibid., p. 819.

42.
Dianne Swann-Wright, “African Americans and Monticello's Food Culture,” in Fowler,
Dining at Monticello
, p. 40;
Farm Book
, p. 15; Bear, “Hemings Family of Monticello,” p. 82.

43.
TJ to James Barbour, May 11, 1821, Library of Congress.

44.
Communication from Leni Sorensen.

45.
Lucia Stanton, “Nourishing the Congress: Hospitality at the President's House,” in Fowler,
Dining at Monticello
, p. 189n4; Stanton,
Free Some Day
, pp. 125–29; Bear, “Hemings Family of Monticello,” p. 84.

46.
Langhorne,
Monticello
, p. 108.

47.
Bear and Stanton,
Jefferson's Memorandum Books
, vol. 1, p. 371.