Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves (41 page)

Jefferson's Papers

Unless otherwise noted, all citations to Thomas Jefferson's letters and other papers are to the online, electronic edition:
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Digital Edition
, ed. Barbara B. Oberg and J. Jefferson Looney (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Rotunda, 2008). This digital edition is available on the website “The Founders Online” through the National Archives at
http://founders.archives.gov/
. The text of the digital edition is arranged chronologically, making page-number citations unnecessary. Citations will give the item's date and volume number. This edition, still in progress, does not yet include all of Jefferson's papers.

Jefferson's orthography has vexed modern editors. My extracts from Jefferson's writings generally preserve his unorthodox spelling and his preference for lowercase letters at the start of sentences. In some instances I have capitalized words for readability and clarity of meaning.

Most of Jefferson's original papers are held at the Library of Congress. Images of these documents, and some transcriptions, are available at
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/
.

The Massachusetts Historical Society also holds a major collection of Jefferson's papers. The society has placed online Jefferson's Farm Book, architectural drawings, and other papers in a searchable edition with images of the original pages:
Thomas Jefferson Papers: An Electronic Archive
(Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2003),
http://www.thomasjeffersonpapers.org/
.

Thomas Jefferson's Farm Book
, ed. Edwin Morris Betts (Charlottesville, Va.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 1953), includes a facsimile of the original Farm Book along with several hundred pages of selected papers. Citations to the facsimile are denoted by plate numbers; citations to papers are denoted by page numbers. The original Farm Book is in the collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. For unknown reasons at an unknown time by an unknown person, numerous leaves of the original Farm Book were removed, including an extremely important page (p. 25) listing slaves sold or given away by Jefferson. This page and others have surfaced in other collections.

Other Jefferson papers, as well as many important papers of his extended family, are in the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia. It is useful to consult “A Calendar of the Jefferson Papers of the University of Virginia,”
http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu00007.xml
.

Citations to “Ford” are to the online publication:
The Works of Thomas Jefferson
, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, Federal Edition (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904–5);
http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1734&Itemid=28
;
http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1734
.

Thomas Jefferson,
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
, ed. Andrew Adgate Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh (Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association of the United States, 1903), Google Books. Print source:
Thomas Jefferson: Writings
, ed. Merrill Peterson (New York: Library of America, 1984).

All quotations from Jefferson's
Notes on the State of Virginia
are taken from the searchable online edition:
http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng//files/14/69/61/f146961/public/JefVirg.html
. Print source: Thomas Jefferson,
Notes on the State of Virginia
, ed. David Waldstreicher (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002).

Madison Hemings Memoir

The only completely reliable source for this text is an image of the original newspaper article “Life Among the Lowly, No. 1,”
Pike County (Ohio) Republican
, March 13, 1873. A partial image is available at
www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/images/vc11.jpg
. The transcription in Brodie,
Thomas Jefferson
, pp. 471–76, is the most reliable in print, although it does contain errors. The transcription in Gordon-Reed,
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings
, contains errors and drops two sentences, garbling the meaning of important passages. Several sources reproduce the erroneous Gordon-Reed text of the Hemings memoir: Lewis and Onuf,
Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson
, app. A, pp. 255–58; the
Frontline
website “Jefferson's Blood”; and the printed version of the 2000 Monticello Hemings report. Corrections can be found in Coates,
Jefferson-Hemings Myth
, pp. 182–88, partially online at
www.tjheritage.org/Jeffersondocuments.html
.

Books and Dissertations

Adams, William Howard.
Jefferson's Monticello
. New York: Abbeville Press, 1983.

———.
The Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson.
New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997.

Appleby, Joyce.
Thomas Jefferson
. New York: Times Books, 2003.

Baldwin, James.
The Cross of Redemption: Uncollected Writings
, ed. Randall Kenan. New York: Vintage, 2011.

Bear, James A., Jr., ed.
Jefferson at Monticello
. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1967.

Bear, James A., Jr., and Lucia C. Stanton, eds.
Jefferson's Memorandum Books.
2 vols. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997.

Becker, Carl.
The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas
. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1922.

Beiswanger, William L.
Monticello in Measured Drawings
. Charlottesville, Va.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 1998.

Berlin, Ira.
Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves
. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003.

———.
Many Thousands Gone
. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998.

Bleser, Carol, ed.
In Joy and in Sorrow: Women, Family, and Marriage in the Victorian South, 1830–1990
. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Boles, John B., and Randal L. Hall, eds.
Seeing Jefferson Anew: In His Time and Ours
. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2010.

Boswell, James, and John Wilson Croker.
The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.: Including a Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides.
New York: George Dearborn, 1833.

Brodie, Fawn M.
Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History.
New York: W. W. Norton, 1974.

Brown, Everett S.
The Constitutional History of the Louisiana Purchase 1803–1812
. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1920.
www.archive.org/stream/constitutionalhi00browrich/constitutionalhi00browrich_djvu.txt
.

Burstein, Andrew.
Jefferson's Secrets: Death and Desire at Monticello.
New York: Basic Books, 2005.

Burton, Cynthia H.
Jefferson Vindicated: Fallacies, Omissions, and Contradictions in the Hemings Genealogical Search.
Keswick, Va.: Cynthia H. Burton, 2005.

The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Jefferson.
Edited by Frank Shuffleton. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Coates, Eyler Robert, ed.
The Jefferson-Hemings Myth: An American Travesty
. Charlottesville, Va.: Jefferson Editions, 2001.

Conrad, Joseph.
Heart of Darkness.
Chestertown, Md.: Chester River Press, 2008.

Cooper, John Milton, Jr., and Thomas J. Knock, eds.

Jefferson, Lincoln, and Wilson: The American Dilemma of Race and Democracy
. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2010.

Crouch, Thomas D.
The Eagle Aloft: Two Centuries of the Balloon in America.
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983.

Dain, Bruce.
A Hideous Monster of the Mind
:
American Race Theory in the Early Republic.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002.

Daugherty, Sonia.
The Way of an Eagle: An Intimate Biography of Thomas Jefferson and His Fight for Democracy.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1941. Reprinted as
Thomas Jefferson: Fighter for Freedom and Human Rights.
New York: Ungar, 1961.

Davis, David Brion.
The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823.
Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1975.

D'Souza, Dinesh.
What's So Great About America.
Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2002.

Durey, Michael.
With the Hammer of Truth: James Thomson Callender and America's Early National Heroes.
Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990.

Ellis, Joseph J.
American Sphinx.
New York: Vintage Books, 1998.

The Family Letters of Thomas Jefferson
. Edited by Edwin Morris Betts and James Adam Bear Jr. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1966.

Finkelman, Paul.
Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age of Jefferson
. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2001.

Fleming, Thomas.
The Intimate Lives of the Founding Fathers
. New York: HarperCollins, 2009.

Fogel, Robert William.
The Slavery Debates, 1952–1990: A Retrospective.
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003.

Foster, Augustus John.
Jeffersonian America: Notes on the United States of America Collected in the Years 1805–6–7 and 11–12 by Sir Augustus John Foster, Bart.
Edited by Richard Beale Davis. San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1954.

Fowler, Damon Lee, ed.
Dining at Monticello.
Charlottesville, Va.: Thomas Jefferson Foundation, 2005.

Freehling, William W.
The Reintegration of American History: Slavery and the Civil War
. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Freeman, Douglas Southall.
George Washington: A Biography
. 7 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1948–57.

Gaines, William H., Jr.
Thomas Mann Randolph
. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1966.

Gordon-Reed, Annette.
The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family.
New York: W. W. Norton, 2008.

———.
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy
. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997.

Hammond, John Craig.
Slavery, Freedom, and Expansion in the Early American West
. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007.

Hammond, John Craig, and Matthew Mason, eds.
Contesting Slavery: The Politics of Bondage and Freedom in the New American Nation
. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011.

Harrison, Ellen Wayles Randolph, and Martha Jefferson Trist Burke.
Two Monticello Childhoods: Anniversary Dinner at Monticello, October 14, 1976, in Memory of Thomas Jefferson.
Charlottesville, Va.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 1976.

Hatzenbuehler, Ronald L.
“I Tremble for My Country”: Thomas Jefferson and the Virginia Gentry
. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006.

Hochman, Steven Harold. “Thomas Jefferson: A Personal Financial Biography.” Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1987.

Holton, Woody.
Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

Horn, Joan L.
Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest: A Private Place
. Forest, Va.: Corporation for Jefferson's Poplar Forest, 2002.

Howard, Hugh.
Dr. Kimball and Mr. Jefferson: Rediscovering the Founding Fathers of American Architecture
. New York: Bloomsbury, 2006.

Jefferson [Granger], Isaac.
Memoirs of a Monticello Slave, as Dictated to Charles Campbell in the 1840's by Isaac, One of Thomas Jefferson's Slaves
. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1951.

Jordan, Winthrop D.
White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812
. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968.

Justus, Judith P.
Down from the Mountain: The Oral History of the Hemings Family: Are They the Black Descendants of Thomas Jefferson?
Perrysburg, Ohio: Jeskurtara, 1990.

Kelso, William M.
Archaeology at Monticello: Artifacts of Everyday Life in the Plantation Community
. Charlottesville, Va.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 1997.

Kennedy, Roger G.
Mr. Jefferson's Lost Cause: Land, Farmers, Slavery, and the Louisiana Purchase
. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Kern, Susan.
The Jeffersons at Shadwell
. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2010.

Kranish, Michael.
Flight from Monticello: Thomas Jefferson at War
. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Kukla, Jon.
Mr. Jefferson's Women
. New York: Knopf, 2007.

Langhorne, Elizabeth.
Monticello: A Family Story
. Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin Books, 1987.

Lanier, Shannon, and Jane Feldman.
Jefferson's Children: The Story of One American Family
. New York: Random House, 2000.

La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François-Alexandre-Frédéric.
Travels Through the United States of North America, the Country of the Iroquois, and Upper Canada, in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797
. London, 1800.

Leichtle, Kurt E., and Bruce G. Carveth.
Crusade Against Slavery: Edward Coles, Pioneer of Freedom
. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2011.