Meatonomics (37 page)
Authors: David Robinson Simon
31
.
See, for example
, Rashmi Sinha et al., “Meat Intake and Mortality: A Prospective Study of Over Half a Million People,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
, 169, no. 6 (2009): 562–71; Teresa T. Fung et al., “Prospective Study of Major Dietary Patterns and Stroke Risk in Women,”
Stroke
35 (2004): 2014–19; A. R. P. Walker, “Diet in the Prevention of Cancer: What Are the Chances of Avoidance?”
The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health
116, no. 6 (1996): 360–66; Romaina Iqbal, Sonia Anand, and Stephanie Ounpuu, “Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries: Results of the INTERHEART Study,”
Circulation
118, no. 19 (2008): 1929–37.
32
.
See, for example
, American Meat Institute, “Myth: Americans Eat Too Much Meat and Its Saturated Fat Content Leads to Heart Disease,” accessed October 4, 2011,
http://www.meatmythcrushers.com
.
34
. Ibid.
35
. T. Colin Campbell and Thomas M. Campbell,
The China Study
(Dallas: Ben-Bella Books, 2004), Kindle edition.
36
. Ibid.
37
. Siri-Tarino et al, “Association of Saturated Fat with Cardiovascular Disease,” 535, note 4.
38
. Michael Wohlgenant et al., “Returns to Pork Producers from Marketing and Production Research,” The Research Committee on Commodity Promotion (2008), accessed January 4, 2012,
http://commodity.dyson.cornell.edu
.
39
. Commodity Promotion and Evaluation, 7 U.S.C. § 7401(b)(7).
1
. Chris Welch, “Inaccurate ‘Swine’ Flu Label Hurts Industry, Pork Producers Say,”
CNN Health
(April 30, 2009), accessed April 19, 2012,
http://articles.cnn.com
.
2
. Thomas H. Maugh II, “Swine Flu Danger Appears to Be Ebbing,”
Los Angeles Times
(March 19, 2010).
3
. Caitlin Taylor, “Obama Administration: Out with the ‘Swine,’ In with the ‘H1N1 Virus,’”
ABC News Political Punch
(April 29, 2009), accessed September 15, 2011,
http://abcnews.go.com
.
4
. Ibid.
5
. Gavin J. D. Smith et al., “Origins and Evolutionary Genomics of the 2009 Swine-Origin H1N1 Influenza A Epidemic,”
Nature
459 (2009): 1122–25.
6
. PolitiFact.com, “Don't Call It Pink Slime, Georgia Official Says,” accessed April 20, 2012,
http://www.politifact.com
.
7
. Ross Boettcher, “BPI Halts Production at Three Plants,”
Omaha World Herald
(March 26, 2012).
8
. 2009 US Federal Income Tax Return for National Cattlemen's Beef Association; 2010 US Federal Income Tax Returns for National Pork Council, American Meat Institute, National Meat Association, National Chicken Council, National Turkey Federation, US Poultry and Egg Association, United Egg Association, National Milk Producers Federation, and Western United Dairymen, accessed April 25, 2012,
http://www.guidestar.org
.
9
. US Poultry & Egg Association, “Economic Data,” accessed March 30, 2013,
http://www.uspoultry.org
.
10
. Penton Media Inc., “Pork Checkoff Surveys Activist Groups' Influence on Children,” National Hog Farmer (January 4, 2008), accessed September 15, 2011,
http://nationalhogfarmer.com
.
11
. Betsy Booren, “Championing the Beef Industry,” accessed April 21, 2012,
http://www.animal.ufl.edu
.
12
. Gallup, “Favorability: People in the News,” accessed January 29, 2013,
http://www.gallup.com
.
13
. Booren, “Championing the Beef Industry.”
14
. American Meat Institute, “Meat Mythcrushers,” accessed October 4, 2011,
http://www.meatmythcrushers.com
.
15
. American Meat Institute, “Myth: Americans Eat Too Much Meat and Its Saturated Fat Content Leads to Heart Disease,” accessed October 4, 2011,
http://www.meatmythcrushers.com
.
16
. US Department of Agriculture, “How Much Food from the Protein Foods Group is Needed Daily?” (2011), accessed April 21, 2012,
http://www.choosemyplate.gov
.
17
. Ibid.; US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, “Retail Food Commodity Intakes: Mean Amounts of Retail Commodities per Individual, 2001–2002” (2011).
18
.
PETA et al. v. Ross et al.
, Superior Court of the State of California, County of Sacramento, Case No. 34-2011-80000886 (2011), “Verified Petition for Writ of Mandate,” 9.
19
. Ibid., exhibit A, 5–12.
20
. Ibid., exhibit A, 6.
21
. Ibid., exhibit A, 10.
22
. Ibid., exhibit A, 5.
23
.
See, for example
, S. A. Bingham et al., “Does Increased Endogenous Formation of N-nitroso Compounds in the Human Colon Explain the Association between Red Meat and Colon Cancer?”
Carcinogenesis
17, no. 3 (1996): 515–23.
24
. Randy Huffman, “Media Needs to Check Background of Pseudo-Medical Animal Rights Group and Cease Coverage of Alarmist and Unscientific
Attack on Meat Products,” American Meat Institute Press Release (August 1, 2008), accessed September 20, 2011,
http://www.meatami.com
.
25
. Stanley Cohen,
States of Denial: Knowing About Atrocities and Suffering
(Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2001), 61.
26
. J. Patrick Boyle, “Statement of the American Meat Institute on the Petition by Animal Rights and Labor Groups,” American Meat Institute Press Release (June 14, 2001), accessed September 20, 2011,
http://www.meatami.com
.
27
. Cattlemen's Beef Board and National Cattlemen's Beef Association, “High Quality Protein Promotes Optimal Health,” accessed April 24, 2012,
http://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com
.
28
. Cattlemen's Beef Board and National Cattlemen's Beef Association, “Discover the Power of Protein in Lean Beef,” accessed April 24, 2012,
http://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com
.
29
. J. E. Morley et al., “Sarcopenia,”
The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
137, no. 4 (2001): 231–43, abstract.
30
. World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and United Nations University, “Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition” (2007), accessed November 20, 2011,
http://www.who.int
.
31
. Ibid., US Department of Agriculture, “What We Eat in America, NHANES 2007–2008,” accessed November 15, 2011,
http://www.ars.usda.gov
.
32
. US Department of Agriculture, “Content of Selected Protein (g) Foods per Common Measure, Sorted Alphabetically,” National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24, accessed November 20, 2011,
https://www.ars.usda.gov
.
33
. Ibid.
34
. Janice Stanger,
The Perfect Formula Diet
(San Diego: Perfect Planet Solutions, 2009), 34.
35
. U. D. Register and L. M. Sonnenberg, “The Vegetarian Diet. Scientific and Practical Considerations,”
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
62, no. 3 (1973): 253–61.
36
. A 2011 poll by Harris Interactive found that 5 percent of adult Americans are vegetarian and half of these, or 2.5 percent, are vegan. The US Census Bureau advises that the US population is 313.4 million (as of April 25, 2012). The Vegetarian Resource Group, “How Many Adults Are Vegan in the U.S.?” (2011), accessed April 24, 2012,
http://www.vrg.org
; US Census Bureau, “U.S. and World Population Clocks” (2012), accessed April 25, 2012,
http://www.census.gov
.
37
.
See, for example
, Campbell and Campbell,
China Study
.
38
. National Academy of Sciences,
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids
(Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2005): 662.
39
. Cattlemen's Beef Board and National Cattlemen's Beef Association, “Powering Up with Protein,” accessed April 24, 2012,
http://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com
.
40
. Campbell and Campbell,
China Study
.
41
. W. O. Atwater, “Foods: Nutritive Value and Cost,”
Farmers' Bulletin
23 (1894): 18, accessed November 19, 2011,
http://afrsweb.usda.gov
.
42
. H. H. Mitchell, “Carl von Voit,”
Journal of Nutrition
13 (1937): 2–13, accessed November 19, 2011,
http://jn.nutrition.org
.
43
. Ibid., 9.
44
. World Health Organization, “Protein and Amino Acid Requirements,” 96.
45
. Alice Peloubet Norton,
Food and Dietetics
(Chicago: Home Economics Association, 1907): 229.
1
. Dana Rohrabacher, letter to the author (September 19, 2011).
2
. Today's US Senate seat has a $6.5 million price tag, and with elections every six years, incumbents must raise more than $1 million yearly if they hope to get reelected. For those who set their sights a bit lower, running for the US House of Representatives is less expensive—but at $1.1 million, still not cheap. Worse, as members of Congress's lower house must stand for reelection every two years, the pressure to raise money never ends. Members must raise an average of $550,000 annually, or more than three times their annual salary of $174,000, every year they're in office. (Center for Responsive Politics, “Money Wins Presidency and 9 of 10 Congressional Races in Priciest U.S. Election Ever” [2008], accessed July 10, 2012,
http://www.opensecrets.org
.) With 435 representatives, 100 senators and a president, the federal campaign costs add up fast: the 2012 election was the priciest to date at $6 billion. (Center for Responsive Politics, “2012 Election Spending Will Reach $6 Billion, Center for Responsive Politics Predicts” [2012], accessed December 12, 2012,
http://www.opensecrets.org
.) A few candidates in each election choose not to accept campaign contributions, but they usually lose. Just six of forty-nine self-funded candidates for Congress won their elections in 2008. (Center for Responsive Politics, “Money Wins Presidency.”)
3
. US Senate Office of Public Records, “Lobbying Disclosure Act Database,” accessed May 5, 2012,
http://www.senate.gov
.
4
. Center for Responsive Politics, “Lobbying: Top Spending 2010,” accessed July 10, 2012,
http://www.opensecrets.org
.
5
. David J. Wolfson and Mariann Sullivan, “Foxes in the Hen House—Animals, Agribusiness and the Law: A Modern American Fable,” in
Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions
, Cass R. Sunstein and Martha C. Nussbaum, eds., (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 206.
6
. D. T. Regan, “Effects of a Favor and Liking on Compliance,”
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
7 (1971): 627–39.
7
.
See, for example
, J. C. Brooks, A. C. Cameron, and C. A. Carter, “Political Action Committee Contributions and U.S. Congressional Voting on Sugar Legislation,”
Americana Journal of Agricultural Economics
80 (1998): 441–54.
8
. Public Citizen's Congress Watch, “An Ocean of Milk, a Mountain of Cheese, and a Ton of Money: Contributions from the Dairy PAC to Members of Congress” (1982).
9
. Thomas Stratmann, “Can Special Interests Buy Congressional Votes? Evidence from Financial Services Legislation,” American Political Science Association 2002 Annual Meeting, Boston, (2002), accessed September 5, 2012,
http://ideas.repec.org
.
10
. Marion Nestle,
Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 105.
11
. Rigoberto A. Lopez, “Campaign Contributions and Agricultural Subsidies,”
Economics and Politics
13, no. 3 (2001): 257–78.
13
. Regulations adopted by state and federal agencies also represent a source of law, but because these agencies cannot exceed their statutory mandates, this book's analysis focuses on the underlying statutes.
14
.
State v. Rhodes
(1868) 61 N.C. 453, 453
15
.
Stephens v. State
(1888) 65 Miss. 329, 331.
16
. In 1635 the Irish Parliament prohibited cruelty to sheep and horses; in 1774 the British Parliament prohibited cruelty in the driving of cattle; and the British Martin's Act of 1822 prohibited cruelty to horses, mules, oxen, sheep, and cattle. In the American colonies, the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1641 prohibited cruelty toward “any brute creatures which are usually kept for man's use.” In 1821 Maine banned cruelty to cattle or horses, and in 1829 New York outlawed cruelty to cattle, sheep, and horses.
17
. Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 53-247; 1996 Conn. Legis. Serv. P.A. 96-243 (S.H.B. 5801).
18
. Thirty-seven states have adopted CFEs. Cody Carlson, “How State Ag-gag Laws Could Stop Animal-Cruelty Whistleblowers,”
The Atlantic
(March 25, 2013), accessed April 1, 2013,
http://www.theatlantic.com
; Wolfson and Sullivan, “Foxes in the Hen House,” 228, note 20.
19
. Erik Marcus,
Meat Market: Animals, Ethics, and Money
(Boston: Brio Press, 2005), 43.
20
. National Pork Board,
Swine Care Handbook
(2003), preface, accessed November 3, 2011,
http://www.antwifarms.com
.