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110 Ibid., 91.

111 Ibid., 92.

  1. Amir Tahiri, “Interview with Unidentified Algerian Counterterrorism Officer,”

al-Sharq al-Awsat, November 4, 1997, 16.

  1. Thomas Hegghammer, “Abdullah Azzam, l’imam du jihad,” in Al-Qaida dans le texte: Écrits d’Oussama ben Laden, Abdallah Azzam, Ayman al-Zawahiri et Abou Moussab al-Zarqawi, ed. Gilles Kepel and Jean-Pierre Milelli, trans. Jean-Pierre Milelli (Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 2005), 115–37.
  2. Scheuer, Through Our Enemies’ Eyes, 94.
  3. Peter L. Bergen, Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden

(London: Free Press, 2001), 50.

  1. Roland Jacquard, In the Name of Osama bin Laden: Global Terrorism and the Bin Laden Brotherhood (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 22–3.
  2. Bergen, Holy War, Inc., 50.

118 Ibid., 55.

  1. Abdullah Azzam, “La Défense des territories musulmans constitue le principal devoir individual,” 138–51, and “Rejoins la caravane!” 152–82, in Al-Qaida dans le texte, ed. Kepel and Milelli.
  2. Jacquard, In the Name of Osama bin Laden, 23–4.
  3. Ibid.
  4. Scott Macleod and Dean Fischer, “The Paladin of Jihad,” Time, May 6, 1996, 51.
  5. Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 138–9.
  6. Barnett R. Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 15.
  7. Usama bin Laden, “The Saudi Regime: A November 1996 Interview with Usama bin Laden,” in Messages to the World, 41–2.
  8. Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know, 124–5, 161, 170, 309.
  9. Richard Miniter, Losing Bin Laden: How Bill Clinton’s Failures Unleashed Global Terror (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2004), 13–14.
  10. Ibid.
  11. Eric Margolis, War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Tibet (New York: Routledge, 2002), 87.

130 Ibid., 87–8.

  1. Ibid.
  2. Anthony Shadid, Legacy of the Prophet: Despots, Democrats, and the New Politics of Islam (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001), 162.

133 Ibid., 162–3.

  1. Ibid.
    1. Bergen, Holy War Inc., 79.
    2. Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know, 124–5, 161, 170, 309. 137 Ibid., 161, 170, 309.
    1. Rohan Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror, 3rd edn. (New York: Berkley Books, 2003), xxiv.

 

  1. Quoted in Bergen, Holy War Inc., 79.
  2. Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, 138–9.
  3. Bergen, Holy War Inc., 80–2.

142 Ibid., 82.

  1. Mark Bowden, Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1999), 110.
  2. Mark Huband, Warriors of the Prophet: The Struggle for Islam (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998), 110.
  3. Usama bin Laden, “A Declaration of Jihad Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Sanctuaries; August 23, 1996,” in Messages to the World, 25–8.
  4. Usama bin Laden, “A Muslim Bomb: An Interview on al-Jazeera, December 1998,” in Messages to the World, 83–5.
  5. Usama bin Laden, “Resist the New Rome; January 4, 2004,” in Messages to

the World, 217–19.

  1. Interview with Usama bin Laden on al-Jazeerah television broadcast on June 10, 1999. Transcript at
    www.terrorism.com/terrorism/binladintranscript.html
    (accessed July 12, 2007).
  2. Ibid.
  3. Ibid.

151 Ibid., 89.

  1. Usama bin Laden, “Declaration of Jihad; August 23, 1996,” in Messages to the World, 29–30.
  2. Frederick Denny, An Introduction to Islam, 3rd edn. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006), 39–41, 61–7, 290.
  3. David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 73–92.
  4. Usama bin Laden, “A Muslim Bomb; December 1998,” 74–7, “The Winds of Faith; October 7, 2001,” 105, and “Nineteen Students; December 26, 2001,” 151, in Messages to the World.
  5. Stuart Koschade, “The Developing Jihad: The Ideological Consistency of

Jihadi Doctrine from al-Qaeda to the Revolutionary Fundamentalist Movement,” paper presented to the Social Change in the Twenty-First Century Conference, Center for Social Change Research, Queensland University of Technology, October 27, 2006, 5–6, at
http://eprints.qut.edu.au/

archive/00005976 (accessed July 24, 2008).

  1. Gilles Kepel, “The Origins and Development of the Jihadist Movement: From Anti-Communism to Terrorism,” Asian Affairs 34, no. 2 (July 2003): 97–8.
  2. Bergen, Holy War Inc., 108.

159 Ibid., 110–11.

160 Ibid., 118.

  1. USA vs. Usama bin Laden, testimony of John Anticev, February 28, 2001, at
    http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/binladen/binladen0227-
    2801tt.pdf, p. 1684 (accessed July 24, 2008).
  2. Dexter Filkins, “Osama bin Laden Is Wanted Here, Too: Babies and Businesses Are Named After the Suspected Terrorist, Who Is a Hero on Pakistan’s Frontier for His Battle Against the West,” Los Angeles Times, July 24, 1999.

 

  1. Bergen, Holy War Inc., 125–6.
  2. Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda (2002), 39–40.
  3. The Library of Congress Country Studies, “Country Profile: Afghanistan,” August 2008,
    http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf
    (accessed September 12, 2009).
  4. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 131–40.
  5. Ibid.
  6. Bergen, Holy War Inc., 162.
  7. Ibid.
  8. Ahmed Rashid, “Afghanistan: Heart of Darkness,” Far Eastern Economic Review, August 5, 1999.
  9. Tim Weiner, “Terror Suspect Said to Anger Afghan Hosts,” New York Times, March 4, 1999.
  10. Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda (2002), 40–4.
  11. See Bin Laden’s statements in “Section II: In Khurasan, 1996–1998,” 23–64, and “Section III: Towards 9/11, 1998–2001,” 65–132, in Messages to the World.
  12. Usama bin Laden, “Declaration of War Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places,” in Yonah Alexander and Michael S. Swetnam, Usama bin Laden’s al-Qaida: Profile of a Terrorist Network (Ardsley, NY: Transnational, 2001).
  13. Ibid.
  14. Ibid.
  15. Ibid.
  16. World Islamic Front, “Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders,” in Alexander and Swetnam, Usama bin Laden’s al-Qaida.
  17. Ibid.
  18. Tom Gjelten, “US/Yemen,” 4 min., 14 sec.; from National Public Radio, Morning Edition, April 10, 2002,
    www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?
    storyId=1141451 (accessed July 24, 2008).
  19. Usama bin Laden,“Among a Band of Knights; February 14, 2003,” in Messages to the World, 193.
  20. Bin Laden as quoted in Bergen, Holy War Inc., 172. 183 Ibid., 195.
  1. Karen Breslau, Eleanor Clift, and Evan Thomas, “The Real Story of Flight 93,”

Newsweek, December 3, 2001, 54.

  1. Ammar Karim,“While the US Toll in Iraq Passes That of September 11, George

W. Bush Says: American Troops Didn’t Die in Vain,” The Daily Telegraph

(Australia), December 28, 2006, 24.

  1. Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam (London: I.B. Tauris, 2004), 234–53.
  2. Ibid.
  3. “Response to Terror; The Investigation; Translation of Letter Left by Hijackers,” Los Angeles Times, September 29, 2001, A18.
  4. See, for example, Usama bin Laden, “Nineteen Students; December 26, 2001,”

in Messages to the World, 145–57.

 

190 Ibid., 153.

191 Ibid., 149.

192 Ibid., 146.

193 Ibid., 150.

194 Ibid., 151–3.

195 Ibid., 153.

196 Ibid., 147.

  1. Hamid Mir, “Osama Claims He Has Nukes: If U.S. Uses N-Arms, It Will Get Same Response,” Dawn (Karachi, Pakistan), November 10, 2001, www.dawn. com/2001/11/10/top1.htm (accessed July 28, 2008).
  2. Ibid.
  3. Ibid.
  4. Usama bin Laden, “To the Americans; October 6, 2002,” in Messages to the World, 164–5.
  5. Usama bin Laden, “To the People of Iraq; February 11, 2003,” in Messages to the World, 179–85.

202 Ibid., 183.

203 Ibid. 204 Ibid., 181.

  1. See Usama bin Laden’s statements, “Quagmires of the Tigris and Euphrates; October 19, 2003,” 207–11,“Resist the New Rome; January 4, 2004,” 212–32, “To the Peoples of Europe; April 15, 2004,” 233–6, and “Depose the Tyrants; December 16, 2004,” 245–75, in Messages to the World.
  2. Alissa J. Rubin and David E. Sanger, “Bin Laden and the New Unknown in

Afghanistan,” New York Times, May 7, 2011; Scott Shane,“Signs of Leadership Void as Al Qaeda Pushes On,” New York Times, May 12, 2011.

  1. Usama bin Laden, “The Saudi Regime: A November 1996 Interview with Usama bin Laden,” 31–43.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Ted Galen Carpenter, “The Unintended Consequences of Afghanistan,” World Policy Journal 11, no. 1 (Spring 1994): 81.
  4. Rachel Bronson, “Understanding U.S.-Saudi Relations,” in Saudi Arabia in the Balance: Political Economy, Society, Foreign Affairs, ed. Paul Aarts and Gerd Nonneman (New York: New York University Press, 2005), 382–5.
  5. Zalmay Khalilzad, Prospects for the Afghan Interim Government (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, Report R-3949, 1991), 7, 30–1.
  6. Carpenter, “The Unintended Consequences of Afghanistan,” 81. For a discussion of ideal interests and the ways in which they can function among religious individuals and communities, see Max Weber,“The Social Psychology of the World Religions,” in From Weber: Essays in Sociology, trans. and ed.

H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958),

269–73.

  1. Rachel Bronson, Thicker than Oil: America’s Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 4.
  2. C. (Chinnam) Gopinath, Globalization: A Multidimensional System (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2008), 53–5.

 

  1. Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2004), xiv–xx.
  2. Anthony H. Cordesman, Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-First Century: The Political, Foreign Policy, Economic, and Energy Dimensions (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2003), 163–7.
  3. Stephen Vertigans, Terrorism and Societies (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2008), 54–6.
  4. Ibid., 55; Niblock, Saudi Arabia, 164–8.
  5. Abdulaziz Sager, “Political Opposition in Saudi Arabia,” in Saudi Arabia in the Balance, ed. Aarts and Nonneman, 241–6.
  6. Madawi Al-Rasheed, “Circles of Power: Royals and Society in Saudi Arabia,” in Saudi Arabia in the Balance, ed. Aarts and Nonneman, 202–4.
  7. Ibid.

222 Niblock, Saudi Arabia, 21, 38–9, 73, 85–7, 122, 147–51.

223 Ibid., 164–8.

5

Pakistan

 

 

 

 

Islamism in Pakistan and Islamism in Afghanistan are linked. During the latter half of the twentieth century and the early twenty-first century, Islamist movements in Pakistan have had a profound influence on the ideologies, structures, and strategies of Islamist groups in Afghanistan, particularly the Taliban. This chapter provides an examination of certain strands of Islamism in Pakistan that had an effect on the Taliban and other Islamist groups in Pakistan and Afghanistan.

 

Sayyid Abu)l A(la Mawdudi

 

One of the most influential modern figures in Islamism in Pakistan was the Sunni Muslim intellectual Sayyid Abu)l A(la Mawdudi (1903–79), who was the founder of one of Pakistan’s largest Islamist groups, the Jama(at-i Islami.1 Mawdudi’s impact on Islamism in Pakistan and indirectly on the Taliban in Afghanistan was deep and far-reaching. Mawdudi was born in Awrangabad, India on September 25, 1903 and was descended from one of the most prominent branches of an extended family with strong ties to Sufism, a form of Islamic mysticism; this lineage was one important aspect of Mawdudi’s claim to religious authority.2

Mawdudi’s father attended the Islamic school (madrasah) at Aligarh in north India and was forced to leave it because his parents believed that the school had adopted too many British ideas and customs.3 Sayyid Abu)l A(la Mawdudi’s home life was characterized by his parents’ emphasis on teaching him the Quran, a notable factor since much of Mawdudi’s preaching, writing, and activism was based on his extensive knowledge of that sacred text.4

 

Modern Islamist Movements: History, Religion, and Politics, First Edition. Jon Armajani.

© 2012 Jon Armajani. Published 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

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