Montcalm and Wolfe: The Riveting Story of the Heroes of the French & Indian War (89 page)

The letter of Dumas cited in the text has been equally unknown. It was written a year after the battle in order to draw the attention of the minister to services which the writer thought had not been duly recognized. The following is an extract (
Dumas au Ministre,
24
Juillet,
1756, in Archives de la Marine):—

“M. de Beaujeu marcha donc, et sous ses ordres M. de Ligneris et moi. Il attaqua avec beaucoup d’audace mais sans nulle disposition; notre première décharge fut faite hors de portée; l’ennemi fit la sienne de plus près, et dans le premier instant du combat, cent miliciens, qui fasaient la moitié de nos Français lâcherent honteusement le pied en criant ‘Sauve qui peut.’ Deux cadets qui depuis ont été faits officiers autorisait cette fuite par leur exemple. Ce mouvement en arrière ayant encouragé l’ennemi, il fit retentir ses cris de Vive le Roi et avança sur nous à grandpas. Son artillerie s’étant preparée pendant ce temps là commença à faire feu ce qui épouvanta tellement les Sauvages que tout prit la fuite; l’ennemi faisait sa troisième décharge de mousqueterie quand M. de Beaujeu fut tué.

“Notre déroute se présenta a mes yeux sous le plus désagréable point de vue, et pour n’être point chargé de la mauvaise manœuvre d’autrui, je ne songeai plus qu’à me faire tuer. Ce fut alors, Monseigneur, qu’excitant de la voix et du geste le peu de soldats qui restait, je m’avançai avec la contenance qui donne le désespoir. Mon peloton fit un feu si vif que l’ennemi en parut Étonné; il grossit insensiblement et les Sauvages voyant que mon attaque faisait cesser les cris de l’ennemi revinrent à moi. Dans ce moment j’envoyai M. le Chev. Le Borgne et M. de Rocheblave dire aux officiers qui étaient à la tête des Sauvages de prendre l’ennemi en flanc. Le canon qui battit en tête donna faveur à mes ordres. L’ennemi, pris de tous cotés, combattit avec la fermeté la plus opiniâtre. Des rangs entiers tombaient à la fois; presque tous les officiers périrent; et le désordre s’etant mis par là dans cette colonne, tout prit la fuite.”

Whatever may have been the conduct of the Canadian militia, the French officers behaved with the utmost courage, and shared with the Indians the honors of the victory. The partisan chief Charles Langlade seems also to have been especially prominent. His grandson, the aged Pierre Grignon, declared that it was he who led the attack (Draper,
Recollections of Grignon,
in the
Collections of the Wisconsin Historical Society,
III). Such evidence, taken alone, is of the least possible weight; but both the traveller Anbury and General John Burgoyne, writing many years after the event, speak of Langlade, who was then alive, as the author of Braddock’s defeat. Hence there can be little doubt that he took an important part in it, though the contemporary writers do not mention his name. Compare Tassé,
Notice sur Charles Langlade
. The honors fell to Contrecœur, Dumas, and Ligneris, all of whom received the cross of the Order of St. Louis (
Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres,
1755).

E.

XIV. MONTCALM

To show the style of Montcalm’s familiar letters, I give a few examples. Literal translation is often impossible.

À Madame de Montcalm, À Montréal,
16
Avril,
1757

(EXTRAIT)

“Ma santé assez bonne, malgré beaucoup de travail, surtout d’ecriture. Estève, mon secretaire, se marie. Beau caractère. Bon autographe, écrivant vite. Je lui procure un emploi et le moyen de faire fortune s’il veut. Il fait un meilleur mariage que ne lui appartient; malgré cela je crains qu’il ne la fasse pas comme un autre; fat, frivole, joueur, glorieux, petit-maître, dépensier. J’ai toujours Marcel, des soldats copistes dans le besoin. . . . Tous les soldats de Montpellier se portants bien, hors le fils de Pierre mort chez moi. Tout est hors de prix. Il faut vivre honorablement et je le fais, tous les jours seize personnes. Une fois tous les quinze jours chez M. le Gouverneur général et Mr. le Chev. de Lévis qui vit aussi très bien. Il a donné trois beaux grands bals. Pour moi jusqu’au carême, outre les diners, de grands soupers de dames trois fois la semaine. Le jour des devotes prudes, des concerts. Les jours des jeûnes desviolons d’hazard, parcequ’on me les demandait, cela ne menait que jusqu’à deux heures du matin et il se joignait l’après-souper compagnie dansante sans être priée, mais sure d’être bien reçue à celle qui avait soupé. Fort cher, peu amusant, et souvent ennuyeux. . . . Vous connaissiez ma maison, je l’ai augmentée d’un cocher, d’un frotteur, un garçon de cuisine, et j’ai marié mon aide de cuisine; car je travaille à peupler la colonie: 80 mariages de soldats cet hiver et deux d’officiers. Germain a perdu sa fille. Il a epousé mieux que lui; bonne femme mais sans bien, comme toutes. . . .”

À Madame de Montcalm, À Montréal,
6
Juin,
1757

(EXTRAIT)

“J’addresse la première de cette lettre à ma mère. Il n’y a pas une heure dans la journée que je ne songe à vous, à elle, et à mes enfants. J’embrasse ma fille; je vous adore, ma très chère, ainsi que ma mère. Mille choses à mes sœurs. Je n’ai pas le temps de leur écrire, ni à Naujac, ni aux abbesses. . . . Des compliments au château d’Arbois, aux Du Cayla, et aux Givard. P. S. N’oubliez pas d’envoyer une douzaine de bouteilles d’Angleterre de pinte d’eau de lavande; vous en mettrez quatre pour chaque envoi.”

À Bourlamaque, À Montréal,
20
Février,
1757

(EXTRAIT)

“Dimanche j’avais rassemblé les dames de France hors Mad. de Parfouru qui m’a fait l’honneur de me venir voir il y a trois jours et en la voyant je me suis apperçu que l’amour avait des traits de puissance dont on ne pouvait pas rendre raison, non pas par l’impression qu’elle a faite sur mon cœur, mais bien par celle qu’elle a faite sur celui de son époux. Mercredi une assemblée chez Mad. Varin. Jeudi un bal chez le Chev. de Lévis qui avait prié 65 Dames ou demoiselles; Il n’y en avait que trente—autant d’hommes qu’à la guerre. Sa salle bien éclairée, aussi grand que celle de l’Intendance, beaucoup d’ordre, beaucoup d’attention, des rafraichissements en abondance toute la nuit de tout genre et de toute espèce et on ne se retira qu’à sept heures du matin. Pour moi qui ay quitté le séjour de Québec, Je me couchai de bonne heure. J’avais eu ce jour-là huit dames à souper et ce souper était dedié à Mad. Varin. Demain j’en aurai une demi douzaine. Je ne scai encore a qui il est dedié, Je suis tenté de croire que c’est à La Roche Beaucourt Le galant Chev. nous donne encore un bal.”

F.

XV. FORT WILLIAM HENRY

Webb to Loudon, Fort Edward,
11
Aug
. 1757

PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE
(EXTRAIT)

“On leaving the Camp Yesterday Morning they [
the English soldiers
] were stript by the Indians of everything they had both Officers and Men the Women and Children drag’d from among them and most inhumanly butchered before their faces, the party of about three hundred Men which were given them as an escort were during this time quietly looking on, from this and other circumstances we are too well convinced these barbarities must have been connived at by the French, After having destroyed the women and children they fell upon the rear of our Men who running in upon the Front soon put the whole to a most precipitate flight in which confusion part of them came into this Camp about two o’Clock yesterday morning in a most distressing situation, and have continued dropping in ever since, a great many men and we are afraid several Officers were massacred.”

The above is independent of the testimony of Frye, who did not reach Fort Edward till the day after Webb’s letter was written.

Frye to Thomas Hubbard, Speaker of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, Albany,
16
Aug
. 1757

PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE
(EXTRAIT)

“We did not march till ye 10th at which time the Savages were let loose upon us, Strips, Kills, & Scalps our people drove them into Disorder Rendered it impossible to Rally, the French Gaurds we were promised shou’d Escort us to Fort Edward Could or would not protect us so that there Opened the most horrid Scene of Barbarity immaginable, I was strip’d myself of my Arms & Cloathing that I had nothing left but Briches Stockings Shoes & Shirt, the Indians round me with their Tomehawks Spears &c threatening Death I flew to the Officers of the French Gaurds for Protection but they would afford me none, therefore was Oblig’d to fly and was in the woods till the 12th in the Morning of which I arriv’d at Fort Edward almost Famished...with what of Fatigue Starving &c I am obliged to break off but as soon as I can Recollect myself shall write to you more fully.”

Frye, Journal of the Attack of Fort William Henry

PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE
(EXTRAIT)

“
Wednesday, August
10
th
.—Early this morning we were ordered to prepare for our march, but found the Indians in a worse temper (if possible) than last night, every one having a tomahawk, hatchett or some other instrument of death, and Constantly plundering from the officers their arms &ca this Col
^o
. Monro Complained of, as a breach of the Articles of Capitulation but to no effect, the french officers however told us that if we would give up the baggage of the officers and men, to the Indians, they thought it would make them easy, which at last Col
^o
. Monro Consented to but this was no sooner done, then they began to take the Officers Hatts, Swords, guns & Cloaths, stripping them all to their Shirts, and on some officers, left no shirt at all, while this was doing they killed and scalp’d all the sick and wounded before our faces and then took out from our troops, all the Indians and negroes, and Carried them off, one of the former they burnt alive afterwards.

“At last with great difficulty the troops gott from the Retrenchment, but they were no sooner out, then the savages fell upon the rear, killing & scalping, which Occasioned an order for a halt, which at last was done in great Confusion but as soon as those in the front knew what was doing in the rear they again pressed forward, and thus the Confusion continued & encreased till we came to the Advanc’d guard of the French, the savages still carrying away Officers, privates, Women and Children, some of which latter they kill’d & scalpt in the road. This horrid scene of blood and slaughter obliged our officers to apply to the Officers of the French Guard for protection, which they refus’d & told them they must take to the woods and shift for themselves which many did, and in all probability many perish’t in the woods, many got into Fort Edward that day and others daily Continued coming in, but vastly fatigued with their former hardships added to this last, which threw several of them into Deliriums.”

Affidavit of Miles Whitworth, Surgeon of the Massachusetts Regiment, Taken before Governor Pownall
17
Oct
. 1757

PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE
(EXTRAIT)

“Being duly sworn on the Holy Evangelists doth declare. . .that there were also seventeen Men of the Massachusetts Regiment wounded unable to March under his immediate Care in the Intrenched Camp, that according to the Capitulation he did deliver them over to the French Surgeon on the ninth of August at two in the Afternoon. . .that the French Surgeon received them into his Custody and placed Centinels of the French Troops upon the said seventeen wounded. That the French Surgeon going away to the French Camp, the said Miles Whitworth continued with the said wounded Men till five o’Clock on the Morn of the tenth of August, That the Centinals were taken off and that he the said Whitworth saw the French Indians about 5 O’Clock in the Morn of the 10th of August dragg the said seventeen wounded men out of their Hutts, Murder them with their Tomohawks and scalp them, That the French Troops posted round the lines were not further than forty feet from the Hutts where the said wounded Men lay, that several Canadian Officers particularly one Lacorne were present and that none, either Officer or Soldier, protected the said wounded Men.

“Miles Whitworth
.

“
Sworn before me
T. POWNALL.
”

G.

XX. TICONDEROGA

The French accounts of the battle at Ticonderoga are very numerous, and consist of letters and despatches of Montcalm, Lévis, Bougainville, Doreil, and other officers, besides several anonymous narratives, one of which was printed in pamphlet form at the time. Translations of many of them may be found in
N.Y. Colonial Documents,
X. There are, however, various others preserved in the archives of the War and Marine Departments at Paris which have not seen the light. I have carefully examined and collated them all. The English accounts are by no means so numerous or so minute. Among those not already cited, may be mentioned a letter of Colonel Woolsey of the New York provincials, and two letters from British officers written just after the battle and enclosed in a letter from Alexander Colden to Major Halkett, 17 July. (
Bouquet and Haldimand Papers
.)

The French greatly exaggerated the force of the English and their losses in the battle. They place the former at from twenty thousand to thirty-one thousand, and the latter at from four thousand to six thousand. Prisoners taken at the end of the battle told them that the English had lost four thousand,—a statement which they readily accepted, though the prisoners could have known little more about the matter than they themselves. And these figures were easily magnified. The number of dead lying before the lines is variously given at from eight hundred to three thousand. Montcalm himself, who was somewhat elated by his victory, gives this last number in one of his letters, though he elsewhere says two thousand; while Lévis, in his
Journal de la Guerre,
says “about eight hundred.” The truth is that no pains were taken to ascertain the exact number, which, by the English returns, was a little above five hundred, the total of killed, wounded, and missing being nineteen hundred and forty-four. A friend of Knox, writing to him from Fort Edward three weeks after the battle, gives a tabular statement which shows nineteen hundred and fifty in all, or six more than the official report. As the name of every officer killed or wounded, with the corps to which he belonged, was published at the time (
London Magazine,
1758), it is extremely unlikely that the official return was falsified. Abercromby’s letter to Pitt, of July 12, says that he retreated “with the loss of four hundred and sixty-four regulars killed, twenty-nine missing, eleven hundred and seventeen wounded; and eighty-seven provincials killed, eight missing, and two hundred and thirty-nine wounded, officers of both included.” In a letter to Viscount Barrington, of the same date (Public Record Office), Abercromby encloses a full detail of losses, regiment by regiment and company by company, being a total of nineteen hundred and forty-five. Several of the French writers state correctly that about fourteen thousand men (including reserves) were engaged in the attack; but they add erroneously that there were thirteen thousand more at the Falls. In fact there was only a small provincial regiment left there, and a battalion of the New York regiment, under Colonel Woolsey, at the landing.