Moscow, December 25th, 1991 (53 page)

8
Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
532.

9
Muratov, “Mikhail Gorbachev.”

10
Bechloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
444-445.

11
Remnick,
Lenin’s Tomb,
495.

12
Khasbulatov,
The Struggle for Russia,
170-184.

13
Shevardnadze, “The Tragedy of Gorbachev.”

14
Mickiewicz,
Changing Channels,
105.

Chapter 18: December 25: Dusk

1
Grachev,
Final Days,
188.

2
Making the History of 1989,
item 692.

3
Timofeyev,
Russia’s Secret Rulers,
37.

4
Sakharov,
Moscow and Beyond,
133.

5
Remnick,
Lenin’s Tomb,
193, quoting Soviet legal writer Arkady Vaksberg.

6
Boldin,
Ten Years That Shook the World,
129.

7
Chernyaev,
1991,
diary entry for December 18, 1991.

8
Interviews with Caudill, Hurst, Johnson, and Shipman, autumn 2009.

9
Palazchenko,
My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze,
365.

Chapter 19: Things Fall Apart

1
Shakhnazarov,
Tsena Svobody,
284.

2
Grachev,
Final Days,
80-82.

3
Solovyov and Klepikova,
Boris Yeltsin,
273-274.

4
Grachev,
Final Days,
51-55.

5
Palazchenko,
My Six Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze,
339; Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
447.

6
Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days,
236.

7
Pry,
War Scare,
110.

8
Shaposhnikov,
Vybor,
diary entry for December 24, 1991.

9
Interview with Grachev, autumn 2009.

10
Gorbachev and Mlynář,
Conversations with Gorbachev,
129.

11
Grachev,
Final Days,
112.

12
Ibid., 122-123.

13
Chernyaev,
1991,
diary entry for December 3, 1991.

Chapter 20: December 25: Early Evening

1
Baker with DeFrank,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
530.

2
Interviews with Muscovites, February 2010.

3
Interview with Gaidar, Moscow, October 2009; also Gaidar,
Days of Defeat and Victory,
129.

4
Wedel,
Collision & Collusion,
127-128.

5
Interview with Gaidar, Moscow, October 2009.

6
Kotz and Weir,
Revolution from Above,
169.

7
Handelman,
Comrade Criminal,
13.

8
Aron,
Russia’s Revolution,
191.

Chapter 21: The Center Cannot Hold

1
Cited in Brzezinski and Sullivan, eds.,
Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States,
43.

2
Liberty Life Radio, Belarusian Service, December 8, 2006.

3
Loginov, pp. 462-463.

4
Sovetskaya Byelorussia,
45 People at the Table,
by Lyudmila Maslyukova, December 8, 2001.

5
Korzhakov,
Boris Yeltsin,
160-164.

6
Shakhrai’s comment is from
www.vesti.ru
, December 12, 2001.

7
Interview with Grachev, autumn 2009.

8
Shaposhnikov,
Vybor,
diary entry for December 8, 1991.

9
Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
848-849.

10
Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, 554-555.

11
Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
849.

12
Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 10.

13
Medvedev,
Sovetsky Soyuz,
567-568.

14
International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies,
Breakthrough to Freedom,
169, 273; Hough,
Democratization and Revolution in the USSR,
482.

15
Gorbachev,
Dekabr-91,
67.

16
Grachev
, Final Days,
146.

17
Baker with DeFrank,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
563.

18
Chernyaev,
1991,
diary entry for December 12, 1991.

19
Steele,
Eternal Russia,
232.

20
Braithwaite,
Across the Moscow River,
268.

21
Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
455.

22
Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 14, 1991.

23
Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
455-456; Palazchenko,
My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze,
353-354.

24
Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
557.

25
Interview with Garrison, July 2010.

26
Remnick,
Lenin’s Tomb,
499.

27
Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 18, 1991.

28
Ibid., diary entry for December 22, 1991.

29
Yakovlev,
Sumerki,
diary entry for December 22, 1991.

Chapter 22: December 25: Evening

1
Interview with Grachev, October 2009; Grachev,
Final Days,
188-189.

2
Interview with Liu, January 2010.

3
Interview with Caudill, September 2009.

4
Interview with Johnson, September 2009.

Chapter 23: The Deal in the Walnut Room

1
Yakovlev,
Sumerki,
diary entry for December 23, 1991. Yakovlev provides a detailed account of the meeting. Also Shulgan,
The Soviet Ambassador,
294-298.

2
Interview with Grachev, October 2009.

3
Interview with Koppel, October 2009.

4
Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
866.

5
Shakhnazarov,
Tsena Svobody,
294.

6
Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
311-316.

7
Dobbs,
Down with Big Brother,
310-314.

8
Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
621.

9
Cienciala, Lebedeva, and Materski,
Katyn,
254-255.

10
Ibid., 346.

11
Timofeyev,
Russia’s Secret Rulers,
26.

12
Sandle,
Gorbachev,
273.

13
Solovyov and Klepikova,
Boris Yeltsin,
281.

14
Coleman,
The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Empire,
354.

15
Yakovlev,
Sumerki,
diary entry for December 23.

Chapter 24: December 25: Late Evening

1
Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
xxxiii—xxxvii.

2
Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 27, 1991.

3
Yakovlev,
Sumerki,
diary entry for December 23, 1991.

4
Interview with Somov, September 2009.

5
Interviews with Caudill and Johnson, September 2009.

6
Interviews with Shipman and Hurst, August 2009.

7
Interview with Liu, January 2010.

8
Kampfner, “The KGB Interrogated My Turkey.”

9
Interview with Gaidar, October 2009.

10
Bush and Scowcroft
, A World Transformed,
564.

11
Ibid., 563.

12
Powell,
My American Journey,
546.

Chapter 25: December 25: Night

1
ARD German television, cited in
FBIS Daily Resort,
December 30, 1991, reported Yeltsin’s second thoughts on allowing broadcast.

2
Shaposhnikov,
Vybor,
diary entry for December 25, 1991.

3
Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
865—866.

4
Interview with Schmemann, April 2010.

5
Clarity, “No One Said Hurrah as History Was Made”; Clines, “End of the Soviet Union”; Dobbs, “Gorbachev Resignation Ends Soviet Era.”

6
Interviews with Caudill, Johnson, Loory, Hurst, and Grachev, autumn 2009.

7
Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
459.

8
Rosenthal, “Bush Reluctantly Concludes Gorbachev Tried to Cling to Power Too Long.”

9
New China News Agency report, December 25, 1991.

10
Interview with Shushkevich, January 2010.

Chapter 26: December 25: Late Night

1
Chernyaev,
My Six Years with Gorbachev,
399.

2
Colton,
Yeltsin,
391.

3
Shulgan,
The Soviet Ambassador,
14-15.

4
Odom,
The Collapse of the Soviet Military,
439.

5
Dunlop,
The Rise of Russia,
9.

6
Grachev,
Final Days,
191.

7
Radio Free Europe, October 2, 2009.

8
Chernyaev,
1991,
diary entry for December 27, 1991.

9
Gorbachev,
Dekabr-91,
120-121.

10
Interview with Grachev, October 2009.

11
Odom,
The Collapse of the Soviet Military,
371-372; Shaposhnikov,
Vybor,
diary entry for December 25, 1991.

12
Interview with Loory, October 2009.

13
Ghitis,
The End of Revolution,
18.

Chapter 27: December 26: The Day After

1
Interview with Chiesa, January 2010.

2
Grachev,
Final Days, 194.

3
Chernyaev,
1991,
diary entry for December 27, 1991.

4
Gorbachev,
Dekabr-91,
124.

5
Kohan, “I Have Big Plans.”

6
Ibid.

7
Coleman,
The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Union, 355.

8
Remnick, “Gorbachev Tells Bush, ‘Watch Out For Russia.”’

9
Putin, with Gevorkyan, Timakova, and Kolesnikov,
First Person,
95-96.

Chapter 28: December 27: Triumph of the Plunderers

1
Shakhnazarov,
Tsena Svobody,
309; Chernayev,
1991,
diary entry for December 28, 1991.

2
Chernyaev, 1991, diary entry for December 27, 1991.

3
Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
866.

4
Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
124.

5
Solovyov and Klepikova,
Boris Yeltsin,
270.

6
Shakhnazarov,
Tsena Svobody,
309.

7
Chernyaev,
1991,
diary entry for December 28, 1991.

8
Androunas, “A Letter from Moscow.”

9
Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
866.

10
Muratov, “Mikhail Gorbachev.”

11
Chernyaev,
1991,
diary entry for December 27, 1991.

12
Gorbacheva,
I Hope,
photograph.

Chapter 29: The Integrity of the Quarrel

1
Martin, “Oleg Looks for the Old Order.”

2
Korzhakov,
Boris Yeltsin,
172; Boldin,
Ten Years That Shook the World,
200-201.

3
Interview with Garrison, July 2010.

4
Martin, “Fearful of the Return of a Totalitarian System.”

5
Baker with DeFrank,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
617—618.

6
O’Clery, “Shevardnadze.”

7
Beschloss and Talbot,
At the Highest Levels,
465-468.

8
Wines, “Summit in Washington.”

9
Yakovlev,
Sumerki,
419.

10
Chernyaev,
My Six Years with Gorbachev,
150nn21, 22.

11
Marlowe, “War Could Have Been Prevented, Says Shevardnadze.”

12
Branch,
The Clinton Tapes,
198.

13
Brooke, “Alexander Solzhenitsyn and the Battle Between Good and Evil.”

14
Interviews with Muscovites, February 2010.

15
Korzhakov,
Boris Yeltsin,
245-246.

16
Chiesa, “I Never Lied to Her, I Couldn’t Now.”

17
Steele, “Russians Say Sorry.”

18
Nemtsov,
Ispoved Buntarya,
57.

19
Sandle, Gorbachev, 274.

20
Dougary, “Mikhail Gorbachev.”

21
Putin with Gevorkyan, Timakova, and Kolesnikov,
First Person,
94.

22
Interview with BBC, October 28, 2010.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alexandrov, Mikhail.
Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992-1997.
Contributions to the Study of World History no. 66. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999.