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11 Hartal, M.,
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(Nimrod) Fortress, Towers 11 and
(Jerusalem, 2001), 3–107.

12 Barthoux, J., “Description d’une forteresse de Saladin découverte au Sinai,”
Syria
3 (1922): 43–57.

13 Wiet, G., “Les inscriptions de la
Guindi,”
Syria
3 (1922): 57–65.

14 Tamari, S., “Darb al-Hajj in Sinai: an historical-archaeological study,”
Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei Memorie
25 (1982): 431–525; ibid., “Two further inscriptions from
,” in
Studies in Memory of Gaston Wiet
, ed. M. Rosen-Ayalon (Jerusalem, 1977), 261–5.

15 Mouton, J. M., “Autour des inscriptions de la forteresse de
(
al-Ğundī) au Sinaï),”
Annales Islamologiques
28 (1994): 30–57; Mouton, J. M. and Sāmi
al-Mālik, “Les decors animaliers de la forteresse de
(
al-Ğundī),”
Annales Islamologiques
28 (1994): 60–9; Mouton, J. M. and Sāmī
al-Mālik, “La route de Saladin (
wa Ayla) au Sinaï,”
Annales Islamologiques
30 (1996): 42–70; Mouton, J., “Sadr au Sinaï, la forteresse de Saladin,”
Archéologie
410 (2004): 28–39.

16 Creswell,
Fortification
, 89–125; ibid., “Archeological researches in the Citadel of Cairo,”
Bulletin de l’Institut français ’archéologie orientale
23 (1924): 89–158. The Citadel of Homs was partly studied by King, G. R. D., “Archaeological fieldwork at the Citadel of Homs, Syria: 1995–1999,”
Levant
34 (2002): 39–58; King, D. J., “The defences of the Citadel Damascus: a great Mohammedan fortress of the time of the Crusades,”
Archaeologia
94 (1951): 57–96; Chevedden, P. E.,
The Citadel of Damascu
. PhD diss., University of Los Angeles, California, 1986, unpublished. 48–81.

17 Creswell,
Fortification
, 89–125.

18 Kennedy, H.,
Crusader Castles
(Cambridge, 1994), 180–5.

19 Korn, L.,
Ayyubidische Architektur in Ägypten und Syrien: Bautätigkeit im Kontext von Politik und Gesellschaft 564–658/1169–1260
(Heidelberger Orientverlag, 2004).

20 Hillenbrand, C.,
The Crusades: Islamic Perspective
(New York, 2000), 467–509.

21 Ibid., 467.

22 The only fortress that may have been built prior to the Ayyubid period is
. Tamari, S., “Darb al-Hajj in Sinai: an historical-archaeological study,”
Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei Memorie
25 (1982): 448, n. 4. Mount Tabor had a fortified monastery which was built by the Franks.

23 Faroqhi, S., P
ilgrims and Sultans: The Hajj under the Ottomans 1517–168
(London and New York, 1994), 54.