Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (133 page)

33 Ibn al-Furāt,
Ta’rīkh,
MS, Vienna, fol. 73b, cited in Ayalon, D., “The Mamluks and naval power: a phase of the struggle between Islam and Christian Europe,” in
Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
1/8 (1967): 1–12. [Rpt. in
Studies on the Mamluks of Egypt (1250–1517)
, London, Variorum, 1977, no. VI], 12; al-Maqrīzī,
Kitāb al-Sulūk li-ma’rifat duwal al-mulūk
(Beirut, 1997), vol. 1, 531.

34 Anonymous author
, De constructione castri Saphet
, cited in Kennedy, H.,
Crusader Castles
(Cambridge, 1994), appendix, 196.

35 Lane, E. W.,
Arabic–English Lexicon
(London, 1984) bk. 1, pt. 1:586–7; Dozy, R.,
Supplément aux Dictionnaires Arabes
, vol. 1, 297; vol. 2, 404; Wehr, H.,
A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, Arabic–English
, ed. J. M. Cowan (London and Beirut), 183, 787.

36 Ibn Shaddād
fī dhikr umarā al-shām wa’l-jazīra: Ta’rikh
,
ed. Y. Z.
, (Damascus, 1991), vol. 1, pt. 2, 135–9.

37 This notion concerning the timing of reconstruction was borrowed from Howard-Johnston, J. D., “Procopius: Roman defences north of the Taurus and the new fortress of Citharizon,” in
The astern Frontier in the Roman Empire
, Proceedings of the Colloquium held at Ankara in September 1988, eds D. H. French and C. S. Lightfoot (1989), BAR International Series 553, vol. 1, 219.

38 Boyle, J. A. (ed.),
The Cambridge History of Iran
(Cambridge, 1968), vol. 5, 403; Abū’l-Fidā’,
Syrian Prince
(Holt), 63; Amitai-Preiss, R., “New material from the Mamluk sources for the biography of Rashīd al-Din,” in
The Court of the Il-khans 1290–1340,
eds. J. Raby and T. Fitzherbert (Oxford, 1996), Oxford Studies in Islamic Art XII,” 29–31.

39 Ibn
, 93. The fortress of Shumaimis is approximately 25km southeast of Hama.

40 The Arabic word used in the source is
, the literal meaning of which is to share equally, go halves. Wehr,
Dictionary,
971.

41 Ibn al-Furāt,
Ayyubids, Mamluks and Crusaders: Selections from the Tārīkh al-Duwal wa’l-Mulūk of Ibn al-Furāt,
2 vols
,
trans. Lyons, U. and M. C. (Cambridge, 1971), 166.

42 Ibn al-Furāt,
Ta’rīkh
(Lyons), 68.

43 A detailed description of the Mongol invasion routes is given in Chapter 2.

44 This site has never been identified.

45 Bar Hebraeus,
The chronography of Grighor Abū‘l Faraj, the son of Aaron, the Hebrew physician commonly known as Bar Hebraeus. Being the first part of his political history of the world
, ed. and trans. from the Syriac by Budge, E. A.W. (Amsterdam, 1976), vol. 1, 435.

46 Boyle,
Iran
, 388–389.

47 Boyle,
Iran
, 393.

48 Ibid., 403.

49 Lane,
Lexicon,
book 1, pt.1:961–2; Wehr,
Dictionary
, 356–7; Ibn Shaddād,
, vol. 1, pt. 1, 89.

50 Ibn Shaddād,
, vol. 1, pt .1, 88–9.

51 Ibid., vol. 1, pt. 1, 89.

52 Abū’l-Fidā’,
Syrian Prince
(Holt), 18; Sauvaget, J., “
”
EI
²
, 3:85–9; Nicola, Z.,
Urban Life in Syria
(Beirut, 1953), 85; Lapidus
,
I. M.,
Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages
(Cambridge, 1988), 14–15.

53 Irwin, R., “The supply of money and the direction of trade in thirteenth century Syria,” in
Coinage in the Latin East: The Fourth Oxford Symposium and Monetary History
, eds P. W. Edbury, and D. M. Metcalf, BAR International Series, 77 (1980), 73–5.

54 Abū’l-Fidā’,
Syrian Prince
(Holt), 18–19.

55 Qalqashandī, Shihāb al-Dīn
al-inshā’
(Beirut, 1987), vol. 4, 143; Tonghini, C.,
Jabar Pottery: A Study of a Syrian Fortified Site of the Late 11th-14th Centuries
(Oxford, 1998), 22.