Mythology of the Iliad and the Odyssey (13 page)

urn
—A vase used to hold the ashes of a person who has died.

vellum
—A fine-grained animal skin used for making books.

1.
D.S. Carne-Ross, “The Poem of Odysseus,” in Robert Fitzgerald, translator,
Homer: The Odyssey
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Inc., 1998), p. ix.

2.
Michael Grant,
Myths of the Greeks and Romans
(New York: Meridian, 1995), p. 29.

3.
Ibid., p. 54.

4.
Bernard Knox, “Introduction,” in Robert Fagles, translator,
Homer: The Iliad
(New York: Penguin Books, 1999), p. 7.

5.
Seth L. Schein, “Introduction,” in Seth L. Schein, ed.,
Reading the Odyssey
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 3.

6.
Bernard Knox, “Introduction,” in Robert Fagles, translator,
Homer: The Odyssey
, (New York: Penguin Books, 1996), p. 18.

7.
Ibid.

8.
Knox,
Iliad
, p. 19.

9.
Ibid., p. 21; Knox,
Odyssey
, p. 20.

10.
Knox,
Iliad
, p. 6.

11.
Schein, p. 3.

1.
Lucilla Burn,
Greek Myths
(Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 1990), p. 31.

2.
Bernard Knox, “Introduction,” in Robert Fagles, translator,
Homer: The Iliad
(New York: Penguin Books, 1999), p. 41.

3.
Ibid., p. 24.

4.
Ibid., p. 30.

5.
Ibid., p. 31.

6.
Barry B. Powell,
Classical Myth
, 2nd. ed. (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1998), pp. 510-511.

7.
Knox, p. 42.

1.
Michael Grant,
Myths of the Greeks and Romans
(New York: Meridian, 1995), p. 32.

2.
Robert Fagles, translator,
Homer: The Iliad
(New York: Penguin Books, 1990), p. 77.

3.
Grant, p. 33.

4.
Fagles, p. 449.

5.
Bernard Knox, “Introduction,” in Robert Fagles’
Homer: The Iliad
(New York: Penguin Books, 1990), p. 24.

6.
Ibid., p. 25.

7.
Roberto Calasso,
The Marriage of Cadmus and Harmony
, trans. Tim Parks (Toronto, Canada: Vintage Books Canada, 1994), p. 105.

8.
Barry B. Powell,
Classical Myth
, 2nd. ed. (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1998), p. 511.

9.
Ibid., p. 512.

10.
Mark P. O. Morford and Robert J. Lenardon,
Classical Mythology
, 6th ed. (New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1999), p. 364.

1.
Michael Grant,
Myths of the Greeks and Romans
(New York: Meridian, 1995), p. 37.

2.
Mark P. O. Morford and Robert J. Lenardon,
Classical Mythology
, 6th ed. (New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1999), pp. 378-379.

3.
Ibid., p. 377.

4.
Robert Fagles, translator,
Homer: The Iliad
(New York: Penguin Books, 1990), p. 633.

5.
Ibid., p. 622.

1.
Robert Graves,
The Greek Myths
, complete ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 1992), p. 697.

2.
Barry B. Powell,
Classical Myth
, 2nd. ed. (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1998), p. 538.

3.
Ibid., 540.

1.
Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary
(Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, Inc., Publishers, 1984), p. 818.

2.
Bernard Knox, “Introduction,” in Robert Fagles, trans.,
Homer: The Odyssey
(New York: Penguin Books, 1996), p. 3.

3.
Barry B. Powell,
Classical Myth
, 2nd. ed. (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1998), p. 559.

4.
Ibid.

5.
Ibid.

6.
Ibid., p. 532.

1.
Iain Thomson,
Ancient Greek Mythology
(Edison, N.J.: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1996), p. 55.

2.
Barry B. Powell,
Classical Myth
, 2nd. ed. (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1998), p. 580.

3.
Ibid., p. 564.

4.
Ibid.

5.
Ibid.

6.
Michael Grant,
Myths of the Greeks and Romans
(New York: Meridian, 1995), p. 72.

7.
Ibid., pp. 68-69.

8.
Ibid., p. 69.

1.
Robert Fagles, translator,
Homer: The Odyssey
(New York: Penguin, 1996), p. 230.

2.
Barry B. Powell,
Classical Myth
, 2nd. ed. (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1998), p. 572.

3.
Ibid.

4.
Mark P. O. Morford and Robert J. Lenardon,
Classical Mythology
, 6th ed. (New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1999), p. 393.

5.
Powell, p. 569.

6.
Ibid.

7.
Ibid.

8.
Kevin Osborn and Dana L. Burgess,
The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Classical Mythology
(New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998), p. 222.

9.
Michael Grant,
Myths of the Greeks and Romans
(New York: Meridian, 1995), p. 72.

1.
Karen B. Spies,
Heroes in Greek Mythology
(Berkeley Heights, N.J.: Enslow Publishers, 2002), p. 55.

2.
Kevin Osborn and Dana L. Burgess,
The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Classical Mythology
(New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998), p. 255.

3.
Mark P. O. Morford and Robert J. Lenardon,
Classical Mythology
, 6th ed. (New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1999), p. 395.

4.
Osborn and Burgess, p. 225.

5.
Bernard Knox, “Introduction,” in Robert Fagles, trans.,
Homer: The Odyssey
(New York: Penguin Books, 1996), p. 25.

6.
Ibid.

7.
Ibid.

8.
Ibid., pp. 30–31.

1.
Seth L. Schein, ed.,
Reading The Odyssey
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 10.

2.
Ibid., pp. 5–6.

3.
Barry B. Powell,
Classical Myth
, 2nd. ed. (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1998), p. 556.

4.
Mark P. O. Morford and Robert J. Lenardon,
Classical Mythology
, 6th ed. (New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 1999), p. 401.

5.
Michael Grant,
Myths of the Greeks and Romans
(New York: Meridian, 1995), p. 72.

6.
Ibid.

Colum, Padriac.
The Trojan War and the Adventures of Odysseus.
New York: William Morrow & Co., 1997.

Fagles, Robert, translator.
Homer: The Iliad
. New York: Penguin Books, 1990.

Fleischman, Paul.
Dateline: Troy
. Cambridge, Mass.: Candlewick Press, 1996.

Mattern, Joanne.
The Odyssey
. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1996.

Sutcliff, Rosemary.
Black Ships Before Troy: The Story of the Iliad
. New York: Delacorte Press, 1993.

Williams, Marcia, illustrator.
The Iliad and the Odyssey
. Cambridge, Mass.: Candlewick Press, 1998.

Achaeans, 22

and Patroclus, 28, 34, 36–37

and the Trojan horse, 42, 45

Achilles

argument with Agamemnon, 11, 21–32

characteristics, 31–32, 39

death, 33, 41, 46

ghost, 40, 66–67

role in the
Iliad
, 23

vs. Hector, 33–39, 45

Achilles heel, 6, 23, 41, 46

Aeneid
, 40

Aeolus, 63–64, 67–68, 76

Agamemnon of Mycenae, King

argument with Achilles, 11, 21–32

command, 22

rescue of Helen, 5

Ajax, 27, 41–42, 46, 62, 66

Alcinoüs, King, 50, 78

Amazons, 22

Andromache, 40, 45

Aphrodite, 14–16, 18, 20, 26, 30, 33

Apollo, 11, 24, 28, 39, 41, 44, 46, 81

Archaic Period, 9

Ares, 33

arete
(excellence), 23

Artemis, 20, 23, 33

Athena

fighting Aphrodite and Ares, 33

against Hector, 35

helping Telemachus, 77

and judgment of Paris, 14–15, 20

making Ajax insane, 42

on Odysseus’ return home, 71, 78–81, 83

punishment of the Greeks, 50, 53

and the Trojan horse, 43

Athens, 9–10, 62

Briseïs, 21, 25–27, 30

Calchas, 23–24, 39

Calypso, 69–76

Cassandra, 40, 44, 47, 50, 53

Charybdis, 69, 71, 74, 76

Chryseïs, 24–25, 30

Chryses, 24

Circe, 63–68, 69, 75–76, 78

Classical Period, 9–10, 62

Cyclops, 56–61, 63, 68, 69, 77

Dark Age, 8–9

Deiphobus, 35, 45

Diomedes, 32, 33, 42–43

Dorians, 8

epic, 5, 8–9, 11–12, 13, 21, 23, 31, 40, 49–50, 54, 85–86

Ethiopians, 22

Eumaeus, 79–81, 83–84

Euripides, 14, 40, 54, 62

Euryclea, 80–82

Eurylochus, 64–65

Fates, 11

Greece, ancient

archeology, 6–7

language, 7

map, 4

peoples and history, 7–10

political system, 9, 22

religion and culture, 10–11, 19

trade, 7

Hector, 11, 14, 22, 26, 28–30, 33–39, 40, 45

Helen

kidnapping by Paris, 5, 13, 16–17, 18

and Menelaus, 45

role in the Trojan War, 14, 17

and the Trojan horse, 44

Hellenistic Age, 10

Hephaestus, 34, 39

Hera, 14–16, 18, 20, 26, 33, 39

Heracles, 42, 46

Hermes, 15–16, 37, 64–65, 67, 71–72

Homer, 5, 8, 10–12, 13–14, 19–20, 21–23, 31, 48, 49–50, 54, 61, 63, 69, 75, 85

hubris
(pride), 11, 22

Iliad

authorship, 13–14

basic plot, 5

existing sites from, 8

publication, 12

structure, 21

themes, 23, 31, 85

Ilium, 21.
See also
Troy

Iphigenia, 23

Iris, 37–38, 50

Island of the Sun, 67, 69, 71, 74

Ithaca, 5–6, 50, 54, 59, 66, 72, 78–80, 83, 85

Jason and the Argonauts, 69

kleos
(glory), 23

Laertes, 79

Laestrygonians, 64, 67

Laocoön, 44, 47–48

lays
, 11

Lotus-Eaters, 50–53, 56–57, 64, 75

Lucian, 14

Lycians, 22

Lycomedes, 32

Menelaus of Sparta, King

action against Paris, 13–14, 17, 18

combat with Paris, 26, 30

marriage to Helen, 16, 45

and Telemachus, 80

and the Trojan horse, 43

Minoans, 7–8

moly
(antidote), 64

Mycenaeans and Mycenaean Age, 7–9

Myrmidons, 22, 25, 28, 30, 34, 36

Neoptolemus, 40, 42–43, 45–46

Nestor, 8, 26–28, 80

Nostoi
, 9, 49

nymph, 14, 23, 34, 41, 61, 63, 69, 71–72

Odysseus

in Agamemnon’s war with Achilles, 27, 32

anti-Odysseus tradition, 54, 62

characteristics, 49, 62, 75–76

and Charybdis, 69, 71, 74, 76

and Circe, 63–68

claiming Achilles’ armor
,
42, 46

and the Cyclops, 56–62

fighting Trojans, 41

and the Lotus-Eaters, 49–54

return home, 77–86

and Scylla, 69–71, 74–75

and the Sirens, 69–70, 74–76

and the Trojan horse, 40, 42–44

Odyssey

authorship, 5, 11–12, 63

basic plot, 5, 49–50, 85

book production, 12

existing sites from, 8

link to folktales, 68, 86

themes, 49–50, 56–57, 68, 85–86

Palladium, 42–43, 46–47

Paris

combat with Menelaus, 26, 30

death, 42

the judgment of, 15–20

kidnapping of Helen, 5, 13, 16–17, 18

killing of Achilles, 41, 46

recommendation by Zeus, 14–15, 18

Patroclus, 25, 27–30, 34–39, 41, 46, 66

Peleus, 14, 21, 39

Peloponnesian War, 10, 62

Penelope, 66

characteristics, 85–86

Odysseus homesick for, 50, 70, 72, 75

during return of Odysseus, 77–84

Phaeacians, 50, 76, 78, 83

Philoetius, 81, 84

polis
(city-state), 9, 19

Polyphemus (Cyclops), 56–61, 63

Poseidon

and Athena releasing Odysseus, 71

destruction of Odysseus’ ships, 50, 53, 78, 83

father of Cyclops, 59, 60

punishment of the Phaeacians, 78

Priam, 14–15, 22, 24, 35, 37–39, 44–45

religion, 10–11

Romans and Roman Empire, 10, 13, 40, 54, 86

Sarpedon, 11, 28

Scylla, 69–71, 74–75

Sinon, 43–44, 47–48

Sirens, 69–70, 74–76

Sparta, 5–6, 9–10, 13, 16, 18, 77, 79–80, 83

Telemachus, 32, 50, 70

on Odysseus’ return home, 81, 84

in Pylos and Sparta, 77, 79, 83

theomachies, 33–34