No Contest (58 page)

Zimmerman, Don H., and Candace West. “Sex Roles, Interruptions, and Silences in Conversation.” In
Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance,
edited by Barrie Thorne and Nancy Henley. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House, 1975.

Zimmerman, William. “On Negative Ads.”
New York Times,
13 November 1986: A31.

Zubin, Joseph.
Some Effects of Incentives
. New York: Teachers College, 1932.

Zuckerman, Miron, and Ladd Wheeler. “To Dispel Fantasies About the Fantasy-Based Measure of Fear of Success.”
Psychological Bulletin
82 (1975): 932–46.

Ability grouping.
See
Tracking

Aborigines,
[>]
,
[>]

Achievement: in classroom,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
; relationship to a society's competitiveness,
[>]
,
[>]

Ackerman, Nathan,
[>]

Adorno, Theodor,
[>]

Advertising,
[>]

Aggression: and competition,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
; “excessive,”
[>]
; among groups,
[>]
; and moral development,
[>]
–
[>]
; as part of “human nature,”
[>]
,
[>]
.
See also
War

Agnew, Spiro,
[>]
,
[>]

Airline industry,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
n
.
[>]
,
[>]
n
.
[>]

Allee, W. C.,
[>]

Altruism: vs. cooperation,
[>]
,
[>]
; as inadequately studied,
[>]
n
.
[>]
; as inborn,
[>]
n
. ,
[>]
,
[>]
n
.
[>]
; and self-esteem,
[>]
n
.
[>]
.
See also
Helping behavior

Ames, Carole,
[>]
,
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,
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,
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,
[>]

Animals, competition and cooperation among,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]

Anonymous, rivals as,
[>]
–
[>]

Anxiety and competition,
[>]
–
[>]
,
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,
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–
[>]
,
[>]

Aristotle,
[>]
,
[>]

Arms control,
[>]

Aronson, Elliot,
[>]
,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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n
.
[>]
,
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n
.
[>]

Atherosclerosis,
[>]

Athletic competition.
See
Games, competitive; Sports

Atkinson, John,
[>]

Attention, competition for,
[>]

Augros, Robert,
[>]

Axelrod, Robert,
[>]
,
[>]

 

Bandura, Albert,
[>]

Banking,
[>]

Barber, Benjamin,
[>]

Barnett, Mark,
[>]
,
[>]
n
.
[>]

Bateiga of East Africa,
[>]

Bates, Marvin,
[>]

Bateson, Gregory,
[>]
n
[>]

Bateson, Patrick,
[>]
n
.
[>]
,
[>]
n
.
[>]

Bathonga,
[>]
,
[>]

Being vs. deficit motivations,
[>]

Bellah, Robert,
[>]
,
[>]

Benedict, Ruth,
[>]
,
[>]

Bennett, William J.,
[>]
,
[>]

Berger, Brigitte,
[>]

Berger, Peter,
[>]
,
[>]
n
.
[>]

Berkowitz, Leonard,
[>]
–
[>]
n
.
[>]
,
[>]
n
.
[>]

Berlage, Gai Ingham,
[>]

Bettelheim, Bruno,
[>]
,
[>]
n
.
[>]

Biological determinism.
See
Human nature

Blackfoot,
[>]

Blasphemy,
[>]
n
.

Blau, Peter,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]

Bok, Sissela,
[>]

Book publishing,
[>]

Boslooper, Thomas,
[>]

Bowling,
[>]

Bredemeier, Brenda Jo,
[>]
n
.
[>]
,
[>]
n
.
[>]

Breer, Paul,
[>]
–
[>]

Bronfenbrenner, Urie,
[>]

Bruns, William,
[>]
,
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,
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,
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–
[>]
,
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n
.
[>]
,
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n
.
[>]

Bryan, James H.,
[>]
n
.
[>]
,
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n
.
[>]

Bryant, Brenda,
[>]
–
[>]

Buber, Martin,
[>]
,
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–
[>]

Burt, Cyril,
[>]

Business competition.
See
Economic competition

Butt, Dorcas Susan,
[>]
–
[>]
,
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n
.
[>]

 

Caillois, Roger,
[>]
,
[>]

Campbell, David N.,
[>]
,
[>]

Camus, Albert,
[>]

Capitalism.
See
Economic competition

Catharsis theory,
[>]
–
[>]

Cheating,
[>]
,
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,
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–
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,
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Chesterton, G. K.,
[>]

Child-rearing styles and competition,
[>]
–
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,
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–
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,
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,
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–
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,
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–
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,
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–
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Child Development Project,
[>]
,
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,
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–
[>]
.
See also
Developmental Studies Center

Chinese,
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,
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,
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,
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n
.
[>]

Chodorow, Nancy,
[>]
n
.
[>]
,
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–
[>]
n
.
[>]

“Choking,”
[>]

Cities, competition among,
[>]
,
[>]

Clarke, Judy,
[>]

Clifford, Margaret,
[>]
,
[>]

Cohen, Elizabeth,
[>]

Coleman, James S.,
[>]

Collective action for social change,
[>]
,
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,
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–
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,
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–
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,
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n
.
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,
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n
.
[>]

Color War,
[>]

Combs, Arthur W.,
[>]
,
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,
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–
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,
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n
.
[>]

Common enemy,
[>]
,
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–
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Commons, tragedy of the,
[>]

Communication,
[>]

Comparison, social: and low selfesteem,
[>]
–
[>]
; as unnecessary for identity,
[>]
–
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,
[>]
; without competition,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
n
.

Competition: among animals,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
; as cause of conformity,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
; as cause of either/or thinking,
[>]
–
[>]
; as cause of external locus of control,
[>]
; as cause of goal orientation,
[>]
–
[>]
; as cause of hostility,
[>]
,
[>]
,
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–
[>]
,
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; caused by hostility,
[>]
; caused by psychological need,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
; caused by social norms,
[>]
,
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–
[>]
; as damage control,
[>]
–
[>]
; defined,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
; difficulty of eliminating,
[>]
,
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–
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,
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–
[>]
; distinct from conflict,
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–
[>]
; distinct from success,
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,
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–
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,
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–
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,
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,
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–
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,
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,
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–
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,
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; distinct from survival,
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,
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; effect of, on children vs. adults,
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–
[>]
; effect of, on relationships,
[>]
,
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,
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–
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,
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,
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,
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; as extrinsic motivator,
[>]
–
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,
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,
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,
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; felt to be undesirable,
[>]
–
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,
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–
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,
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,
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n
. ,
[>]
–
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,
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; intergroup vs. intragroup,
[>]
,
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,
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–
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,
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–
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,
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,
[>]
n
. ; as learned,
[>]
–
[>]
; associated with lower moral standard,
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
n
.
[>]
; mixed messages regarding,
[>]
–
[>]
; moderate vs. excessive,
[>]
–
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,
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–
[>]
; moderate vs. radical criticism of,
[>]
–
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,
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,
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–
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,
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–
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; myths of,
[>]
,
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,
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; with oneself,
[>]
,
[>]
; in other cultures,
[>]
–
[>]
; as perpetuating inequity,
[>]
–
[>]
,
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–
[>]
,
[>]
; prevalence of,
[>]
–
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,
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,
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–
[>]
; “process” version of,
[>]
–
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,
[>]
; psychological impact of,
[>]
–
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,
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–
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,
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; as public event,
[>]
–
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,
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; and quantification,
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–
[>]
; as rarely examined,
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,
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; reactions to criticisms of,
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–
[>]
; rhetorical tricks of proponents of,
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–
[>]
; as search for approval,
[>]
,
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–
[>]
; seen as inevitable,
[>]
,
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–
[>]
; as self-perpetuating,
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–
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,
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; summary of disadvantages of,
[>]
,
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; teaching harms of,
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–
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,
[>]
; and training to accept,
[>]
,
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–
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,
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,
[>]
; unproductiveness of,
[>]
–
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,
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–
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,
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,
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–
[>]
; in U.S.,
[>]
–
[>]
,
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,
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–
[>]
,
[>]
.
See also
Structural competition; Intentional competition; Education, competition in

“Competitiveness” as buzzword,
[>]
,
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–
[>]

Concentration, economic,
[>]
,
[>]

Conflict: cooperative vs. competitive,
[>]
–
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,
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,
[>]
; as distinct from competition,
[>]
–
[>]

Conformity,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]

Congo pygmies,
[>]

Constructivism.
See
Education, behaviorism vs. constructivism and

Contempt,
[>]
–
[>]

Conversation, competition in,
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
n
.
[>]

Cooperation: and accountability,
[>]
; age necessary for,
[>]
–
[>]
; vs. altruism,
[>]
; among animals,
[>]
–
[>]
; called “cheating,”
[>]
; as compatible with conflict,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
; defined,
[>]
; effect of, on relationships,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
; as integral to human life,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
; as less visible than competition,
[>]
; misunderstood as obedience,
[>]
–
[>]
; moving toward,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
n
.
[>]
; in other cultures,
[>]
–
[>]
; preference for,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
; as productive,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
; psychological impact of,
[>]
–
[>]
; structure of, changes attitudes,
[>]
–
[>]
; summary of advantages of,
[>]
; survival value of,
[>]
; as teachable,
[>]
–
[>]
; techniques in classroom,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
; among young children,
[>]
.
See also
Cooperative learning