Northmen: The Viking Saga AD 793-1241 (58 page)

927–39 –
Athelstan
(king of Wessex 924–39)

939–41 – Olaf Guthfrithsson (king of Dublin 934)

941–4 – Olaf Sihtricsson (king of Dublin 945–80)

943–4 – Ragnald Guthfrithsson

944–6 –
Edmund
(king of England 939)

946–8 –
Eadred
(king of England 946–56)

948 Erik Bloodaxe (deposed, king of Norway
c.
930–6)

949–52 – Olaf Sihtricsson (restored)

952–4 – Erik Bloodaxe (restored)

K
INGS OF MAN

c.
971 – Maccus mac Arailt (Magnus Haraldsson)

d. 989 – Gofraid mac Arailt (Godfred Haraldsson)

d. 1004-5 – Ragnall

d. 1014 – Brodir?

1052–64 – Echmarcach mac Ragnaill (king of Dublin 1036–8, 1046–52)

c.
1066–75 – Godred Sihtricsson

c.
1075–9 – Fingal Godredsson

1079–95 – Godred Crovan (king of Dublin 1091–4)

1095–6 – Lagmann Godredsson

1096–8 –
Domnall
mac
Muirchertaig
ua
Briain
(king of Dublin 1094–1118)

1098–1103 – Magnus Barefoot (king of Norway 1093–1103)

J
ARLS OF LADE

d.
c
. 885–90? – Håkon Grotgarðson

d.
c
. 963 – Sigurd Håkonsson

c
. 963–995 – Håkon Sigurdsson

1000–1015 – Erik Håkonsson

1015 – Svein Håkonsson

1028–9 – Håkon Sveinsson

E
ARLS OF ORKNEY

c.
870 – Rognvald of Møre

d.
c.
892 – Sigurd the Mighty

c.
893 – Guttorm

c.
894 – Hallad

c.
895–910 – Torf-Einar

d. 954 – Arnkell

d. 954 – Erlend

d. 963 – Thorfinn Skullsplitter

Arnfinn Thorfinnsson

Havard Thorfinnsson

Ljot Thorfinnsson

Hlodver Thorfinnsson

c.
985–1014 – Sigurd the Stout

1014–18 – Sumarlidi

1014–20 – Einar Falsemouth

1014–
c.
1030 – Brusi

c.
1020–65 – Thorfinn the Mighty

1037–46 – Rognvald

1065–98 – Paul

1065–98 – Erlend

1098–1103 – Sigurd (king of Norway 1103–30)

D
UKES OF NORMANDY

911–
c.
928 – Rollo

c.
928–42 – William Longsword

942–96 – Richard I

996–1026 – Richard II

1026–27 – Richard III

1027–35 – Robert the Magnificent

1035–87 – William the Conqueror (king of England 1066–87)

1087–1106 – Robert Curthose

P
RINCES OF KIEVAN RUS

c.
860–79 – Rurik (semi-legendary ruler of Novgorod)

c.
879–913 – Oleg

913–45 – Igor

945–72 – Svyatoslav I

972–80 – Yaropolk I

980–1015 – Vladimir I

1015–19 – Svyatopolk I

1019–54 – Yaroslav the Wise

Muscovite
branch
of
the
dynasty
survives
until
1598

FURTHER READING

P
RIMARY SOURCES IN TRANSLATION

ANNALS, CHRONICLES, LIVES AND LETTERS

Adam of Bremen,
History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen
, trans. F. J. Tschan (New York, 1959)

Allott, S. (trans.),
Alcuin of York: His Life and Letters
(York, 1974).

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
, trans. M. Swanton (London, 1996).

Annals of Fulda
, trans. T. Reuter (Manchester, 1992).

Annals of St Bertin
, trans. J. L. Nelson (Manchester, 1991).

Annals of Ulster
, trans. S. Mac Airt and G. Mac Niocaill (Dublin, 1983).

Book of the Icelanders (Íslendingabók) by Ari Thorgilsson,
ed. and trans. H. Hermannsson (Islandica 20, Cornell University Library, New York, 1930).

Book of Settlements: Landnámabók,
trans. H. Pálsson and P. Edwards (Winnipeg, 1972).

Chronicles of the Kings of Man and the Isles,
ed. and trans. G. Broderick (Douglas, Isle of Man, 1995).

Dudo of St Quentin: History of the Normans
, trans. H. Christiansen (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1998).

Encomium Emmae Regina
, ed. and trans. A. Campbell, Camden Society 3rd Series 72 (London, 1947, reprint 1998).

Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway,
trans. L. M. Hollander (Austin, Texas 1964).

Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North
, trans. P. Lund and Stone (Penguin, 2012)

Keynes, S. and Lapidge, M. (trans),
Alfred the Great: Asser’s
Life of King Alfred
and Other Contemporary Sources
(Harmondsworth, 1983).

King, P. D. (trans.),
Charlemagne: Translated Sources
(Lambrigg, Cumbria, 1987).

Orkneyinga Saga
, trans. M. Magnusson and H. Pálsson (London, 1978).

Rimbert,
Life of St Ansgar
: translated in C. H. Robinson,
Anskar, Apostle of the North, 801-65: Translated from the Vita Anskarii by Bishop Rimbert, his fellow Missionary and Successor
(London, 1921).

Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text
, ed. and trans. S. H. Cross and O. P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Medieval Academy of America Publications 60 (Cambridge, Mass., 1953).

Scholz, B. W. and Rogers, B. (trans),
Carolingian Chronicles
(Ann Arbor, 1972).

Somerville, A. A. and McDonald, R. A.,
The Viking Age: a reader
(Toronto, 2010)

The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill,
ed. and trans. J. H. Todd (London, 1867, Cambridge University Press reprint 2012).

Whitelock, D. (ed. and trans.),
English Historical Documents, Vol. 1 c. 500–1042
(2nd edn, London, 1979).

Vikings in Russia: Yngvar’s Saga and Eymund’s Saga,
trans. H. Pálsson and P. Edwards (Edinburgh, 1989).

Vinland Sagas
, trans. M. Magnusson and H. Pálsson (Harmondsworth, 1965).

SAGAS OF ICELANDERS

Egil’s Saga
, trans. H. Pálsson and P. Edwards (Harmondsworth, 1977).

Eyrbyggja Saga
, trans. H. Pálsson and P. Edwards (Edinburgh, 1973).

Göngu-Hrolf’s Saga,
trans. H. Pálsson & P. Edwards (Edinburgh, 1980).

Laxdæla Saga
, trans. by M. Magnusson & H. Pálsson (Harmondsworth, 1969).

Njal’s Saga,
trans. M. Magnusson and H. Pálsson (Harmondsworth, 1960).

Saga of Grettir the Strong
, trans. G. A. Hight, edited and introduced by Peter Foote (London, 1965).

POETRY, LEGEND AND MYTHOLOGY

Beowulf: a new translation
, Seamus Heaney (Faber and Faber, London, 2000).

Battle of Maldon,
ed. and trans. B. Griffiths (Hockwold-cum-Wilton, Norfolk, 1995).

Hollander, L. M. (trans.),
The Skalds, a Selection of Their Poems, with Introduction and Notes
(2nd edn, Ithaca N.Y., 1968);

Poetic Edda
, translated by C. Larrington (Oxford, 1996).

Saga of the Volsungs: the Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer
, trans. J. L. Byock (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1990).

Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes, Books I-IX,
ed. H. Ellis Davidson, trans. P. Fisher (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1996).

Snorri Sturluson,
Edda,
trans. A. Faulkes (London, 1987).

S
ECONDARY SOURCES

The following is a selective list for the general reader, concentrating on recent works in English only. Readers of the Scandinavian (and other) languages are referred to the extensive bibliographies in Roesdahl and Wilson (1992).

GENERAL SURVEYS

Ferguson, R.,
The Vikings
(London-New York, 2009).

Foote, P. G. and Wilson, D. M.,
The Viking Achievement
(2nd revised edn, London, 1980).

Forte, A., Oram, R., and Pedersen, F.,
Viking Empires
(Cambridge, 2005).

Graham-Campbell, J.,
The Viking World
(2nd, rev. edn., London, 1989).

Haywood, J.,
The Vikings
(Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1999).

Hall, R.,
Exploring the World of the Vikings
(London, 2007).

Jones, G.,
A History of the Vikings
(Oxford, 1968).

Roesdahl, E. and Wilson, D. M. (eds),
From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800-1200
(Copenhagen, 1992).

Sawyer, P. H., (ed.),
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings
(Oxford, 1997).

Wilson, D. M.,
The Vikings and their Origins
(3rd rev. edn, London, 1989).

HISTORICAL ATLASES

Graham-Campbell, J. (ed.),
Cultural Atlas of the Viking World
(London and New York, 1994).

Haywood, J.,
The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings
(London, 1995).

Hill, D.,
An Atlas of Anglo-Saxon England
(Oxford, 1981).

Hooper, N. and Bennett, M.,
Cambridge Illustrated Atlas: Warfare: The Middle Ages 768-1487
(Cambridge, 1996).

PREHISTORIC SCANDINAVIA

Cunliffe, B.,
The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek
(London, 2001).

Hedeager, L.,
Iron Age Myth and Materiality: an Archaeology of Scandinavia AD 400–1000
(Abingdon, 2011).

Jensen, J.,
The Prehistory of Denmark: from the Stone Age to the Vikings
(Copenhagen, 2013).

VIKING AGE SCANDINAVIA

Christiansen, E.,
The Norsemen in the Viking Age
(Oxford, 2002).

Lund, N., ‘Scandinavia,
c.
700
–
1066’ in
The New Cambridge Medieval History Vol. 2
, ed. R. McKitterick (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 202
–
27.

Pulsiano, P (ed.),
Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia
(New York and London, 1993).

Randsborg, K.,
The Viking Age in Denmark
(London, 1980).

Roesdahl, E.,
Viking Age Denmark
(London, 1982).

Sawyer B. and Sawyer, P. H.,
Medieval Scandinavia
(Minneapolis, 1993).

Sawyer, P. H.,
Kings and Vikings
(London, 1982).

THE NORTH ATLANTIC

Batey, C. E., Jesch, J. and Morris, C. D.,
The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic
(Edinburgh 1993).

Byock, J. L.,
Viking Age Iceland
(London, 2001).

Dahl, S., ‘The Norse Settlement of the Faroe Islands’ in
Medieval Archaeology 14
(1970), pp. 60
–
73.

Enterline, J. R.,
Erikson, Eskimos and Columbus: Medieval European Knowledge of America
(Baltimore, 2002).

Ingstad, A. S.,
The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland 1961–68
(Oslo, 1977).

Jóhannesson, J.,
A History of the Old Icelandic Commonwealth: Íslendinga Saga
(Winnipeg, 1974).

Jones, G.,
The Norse Atlantic Saga
(2nd edn, Oxford, 1986).

Krogh, K. J.,
Viking Greenland
(Copenhagen, 1967).

THE CELTIC WORLD

Batey, C. E., Jesch, J. and Morris, C. D.,
The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic
(Edinburgh 1993).

Crawford, B. E.,
Scandinavian Scotland
(Leicester, 1987).

Davies, W.,
Wales in the Early Middle Ages
(Leicester, 1982).