Of Minds and Language (82 page)

posterior portion of STG 191

poverty of stimulus (POS) 24, 46, 210, 290

positive and negative 262

predicate composition 126

predicates in language acquisition 149

prefrontal cortex 189

prepositions as predicates 145

present perfect 149–150

Priestley, Joseph 17

principle of graduation 186

Principle of Ontological Commitment 396

principles, moral 312–313

principles and parameters (P&P) approach 215, 340

to language acquisition 23, 25, 91, 200, 258, 407

and universals 197

proactive vs. reactive bees 72

probabilistic hierarchical grammar 188

processing stage in left hemisphere 355

prominence 404

propositional attitude verbs 252

propositions 136

prosodic information processing 355, 366–369, 371–373, 375–377

prosody mismatch effect 370

PSG
see
phrase structure grammar

psychic continuity 382

psychogrammar 285

PT (planum temporal) 366

push-down automata (PDA) 175, 177, 390

PDA+ 178

Putnam, Hilary 397

quantification in animals 70–71

quantifiers vs. numerals 234, 237–238

Quine, W. V. O. 154, 388, 396, 398

Rachels, James 323

radar technology 67

radical model of architecture 127

random optimization of wiring 115

rational morphology 89

rational numbers 234–235

rationalist epistemology 59

Rawls, John (Jack) 20, 309, 384

reaction-diffusion models 88

realism 152

and anti-realism 153

reconstruction 21, 95

recursion 174–175, 193, 286, 340–341

and discrete infinity 387

and iteration 176

and natural numbers 181

recursion only hypothesis 303–304

and starlings 339

tail and embedded 180–181, 182

redundancy 87

referential calls 308

reflective equilibrium 384

relativity theory 35

relativized minimality 165, 166

religious background and moral judgment 313–315

representational capacity 71

resultative constructions 144

retrenchment 266–267

rhesus monkeys 77–78, 80–81, 305–308

rhythm detection 335

rhythmic processing 84

richness of the stimulus 210

right hemisphere (RH) 355, 366–369

see also
left hemisphere

Rizzi, Luigi 26, 33, 68–69, 95, 194, 220, 274, 374, 400, 403–405

Rizzolatti, Giacomo 305, 408

Rodin 248

Rodriguez-Esteban, R. and Cherniak, C. 113

rolandic operculum (ROP) 366

Ross, J. R. 159, 197

roundworm, nervous system 111–112, 113, 114

Royaumont Debate 330, 333, 407

Russell, Bertrand 18

Salaburu, Pello 409

Sanides, F. 186

Santos, Laurie 71–72

Schiffer, Steve 143

scientific psychology 60

scope-discourse properties 157–158, 168

scrambling, in Japanese 275

Searle, John 93

Searls, David 181

Sebastián-Gallés, Núria 385

second language (L2) acquisition 283, 344–351

segmentation in body forms 301

selective attention 228

self-correction 229, 231

self-paced reading 373

semantic bootstrapping 242

semantic constructs and syntactic categories 135

semantic field theory 394–395

semantic heads 145

semantic objects and syntactic objects 130

semantic processing 357

semantic schema 290

semantic systems, independent 129

semantic variables 21

semantic violation stimuli 355–356, 360, 361, 362–363

semantics

combinatorial 148, 322

of events 149

lexical 150

and prosody 371–372

and systematic beliefs 147–148

semi-groups 33

sensorimotor (S-M) systems 28, 126

sensory optimization 115, 117–118

sentence meanings, structure of 128

sentence processing 286, 291

sententialism 143

sequential computation 33

set-based quantification system 79–80

set theory 32

Sherrington, Sir Charles 60–61

Ship of Theseus 382

sign language 29, 377

signal transduction 73

silenced chromatin 99

similarity scale experiment 223–224

Simple Defaults Model 276

simultaneous bilinguals 350

singular-plural distinction 78–80

Size Law 113–115

Skinner, B. F. 40, 329

S-M (sensorimotor) systems 28, 126

Smiley, P. and Huttenlocher, J. 241

Smith, E. C. and Lewicki, M. S. 326

SMT (strong minimalist thesis) 26, 28, 31, 109, 126–127, 139

Snedeker, J. and Gleitman, L. 249

snowballing movement 219–220

snowflake analogy 109

solar ephemeris, knowledge in bees 65

songbirds 304

see also
jays; starlings

source-to-goal interpretations 245–246

SP (Subset Principle) 262–263, 266, 276

Spanish, null-subject 257–258

Spanish-Catalan bilinguals 348

spatial navigation 76

species-specificity 338

specificity and innateness 333

speech, preference in babies 326

Spell-out 215, 217

Stabler, E. 175
fn

stack 180

stack alphabet 175
fn

standard minimalist architecture 125–126

standard minimalist syntax 138

Starke, M. 165, 166

starlings 84, 192, 339, 391

Steiner trees 118–119

stepwise movement 159–165, 167, 219

STG
see
superior temporal gyrus

stochasticity in evolutionary processes 89

stress pattern deviants 374

Striedter, George 30–31, 41

strong generation 390

strong minimalist thesis (SMT) 26, 28, 31, 109, 126

structural constraints 46

see also
third-factor principles

structural neuroanatomy 189

Structural Triggers Learners 261, 271, 273

structure-aided learning 242

structure-building 134, 373

structure-mapping 230–231

The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
(Gould) 46

Structure Preservation Hypothesis 156

Stylistic Inversion in French 159

Subjacency 215

subjectivity 93

subliminal attention manipulation 244

subprocesses in left hemisphere 359

Subset Principle (SP) 262–263, 266, 276

successive cyclic movement 160–161, 166

successor function 132

successor principle 234

superior temporal gyrus (STG) 190, 191, 353, 356, 357, 365

Superiority Conditions 34

suprasegmental prosodic information 367

synaptic transmission 60

syntactic analysis 287

syntactic bootstrapping solution 241–242, 247

syntactic categories and semantic constructs 135

syntactic complexity and human thought 128

syntactic constraint 279

syntactic environments 249–250

syntactic hierarchy 359

syntactic markedness 204–205

syntactic objects

abstract algebraic 133

and semantic objects 130

syntactic processes in generative models 286

syntactic processing 357

syntactic-semantic objects 33

Syntactic Structures
(Chomsky) 15, 332–333, 336–337

syntactic systems, hierarchies 136, 139

syntactic violation stimuli 355–356, 360, 361, 362–363, 374

syntactic zoom lens 246

syntax

acquisition 289, 292

comparative 212–213

complicated 183

computational system 128

and concepts 140–141

critical period for learning 283–284

and discourse 130

and mental verbs 250–251

and prosody 377

as skeletons 129

systematic beliefs 147–148

tamarins

musical preference 317–319

phrase structure grammar 84, 173–174, 178, 184, 186, 338

telic pair formation 144

tempo, musical preference in primates 318

Tensarama 114

Tense Phrases (TPs) 129

Terrace, H. S. 134

Thai, modifier strings 218

thematic hierarchy 169

Theory of Justice
(Rawls) 20, 309

theory of mind 59–60

theta-theory 52, 54

The Thinker
(Rodin) 248

thinking 253

in young children 248

third-factor principles 33–34

Thompson, D'Arcy W. 16, 88, 109

time, reasoning in birds 61–63, 68

Tinbergen, N. 45

tokenizers 176–177

topicalization 267, 270

TOTE model 292

Tower of Babel 350

TPs (Tense Phrases) 129

transcendental idealism 153

transformational grammar 31

transposable elements 179
fn

traveling salesman problem in monkeys 69

tree structures 142–143

binary bifurcation 118

triggering 259–260

ambiguity 270–273

trolley problem 311–312, 324

Trubetzkoy, N. S. 14

true belief and false belief 249–250

Trueswell, J. C. and Tanenhaus, M. K. 373

truth, natural understanding 124

truth-evaluated thoughts 139

Turing, Alan 16, 39, 41, 88, 109

Turing machine 392

two-thirds power law 104

type/token distinction 173–174

Ullmann, Stephen 394

Umbildung
49

unbounded Merge 26, 29, 52, 54

unconstrained variability 102

undershoot errors 266

underspecification view 95–96

unidimensional Merge 138

uninterpretable Case features 182

uninterpretable morphology 177, 179, 181, 183

unitary approach to movement 164–165

unity vs. diversity in language evolution 23–24

universal genes 105

universal grammar (UG) 19, 24–25, 196, 212, 329–343

approaches 197

bottom up approach 31

in language acquisition 204

and language variation 211

and Merge 26

overspecified view of 95

and third-factor principles 33

universal minimalist program 302

universals 196, 202

of core domains 228

in language acquisition 199–203, 206

moral 325

ur-body plan 89

Uriagereka, Juan 30, 51, 70–71, 83, 123
fn
, 237–238, 343, 399, 405–406

utilitarianism 311

variation

in animal song 304

in evolution 301

Variational Model 273

Veblen, Thorstein 387–388

verb guesses, cues 252

verb interpretation 249

verb pairs 242–244

Verb Second 213

Verbal Behavior
(Skinner) 329, 332–333

verbs, unobservable acts and events 247

Vercelli, Donata 385

Vergnaud, Jean-Roger 400

vertical hierarchies 135

vertical sentence processing 286

virtual conceptual necessity 127

virus analogy 181

Vlastos, Gregory 380

vocal imitation 304, 308, 321–322

Von Frisch, Karl 64

Vouloumanos, Athena 326

vowel distinction experiment 348–349

waggle dance 64–65, 67, 70

Wallace's Paradox 33

water molecules, liquidity 87

Watson and Crick 98

weak generation 390

Weatherall, David 105

Weber-Fox, C. M. and Neville, H. 351

Weber ratios 77

well-formedness 15

Werker, J. F. and Tees 336

Wernicke, Carl 353

Wernicke's area 354

West, Rebecca 388

wh-agreement 160

wh-movement 202, 205, 261

wh-reduplication 160–161

white matter volume 347–348

windows of opportunity 101

wire-minimization 109, 112

Wittgenstein 399

Wood, Justin 305

Wood, W. B. 111

word-object relation 27

word-to-world pairing 247, 251, 255

Wright, Anthony 328

Wright, Sewell 300

Wynn, Karen 80–81

X-bar theory 131

XP-YP structures 53

Y-tree cost-minimization in the brain 110

Yang, C. D. 260, 272–273

Zur, Oznat 233–234

  
¹
McCulloch (1961).

  
¹
May 20–21; Piattelli-Palmarini (1974). (Editors' note)

  
²
Piattelli-Palmarini (1980b). (Editors' note)

  
³
Trubetzkoy (1936). For a recent English translation see Trubetzkoy (2001). (Editors' note)

  
⁴
Shannon and Weaver (1949 [1998]). (Editors' Note)

  
⁵
Lashley (1951). (Editors' Note)

  
⁶
Thompson (1917). (Editors' Note)

  
⁷
Turing (1952). (Editors' Note)

  
⁸
Leiber (2001). (Editors' Note)

  
⁹
See
Chapter 8
for details. (Editors' Note)

  
¹⁰
Weinreich et al. (2006). (Editors' Note)

  
¹¹
Mountcastle (1998). (Editors' Note)

  
¹²
Mountcastle (1998). (Editors' Note)

  
¹³
Lange (1892). (Editors' Note)

  
¹⁴
“It is obvious that a man who can see knows things which a blind man cannot know; but a blind man can know the whole of physics. Thus the knowledge which other men have and he has not is not part of physics.” (Reprinted in Russell 2003.) (Editors' note)