Of Minds and Language (81 page)

inferior frontal dipole 365

inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) 191, 352, 356

lesions 365

inferior parietal cortex 346

information theory 15

inheritance, combinatorial system 322

Innards-Agent principles 224

innate/acquired distinction 94

innate knowledge 203

innately specified parameters 101–102

innateness 330–332, 335

hypothesis 108, 206

and specificity 333–334

input data 230

instinct, abductive 36

insula 347

integrated-map hypothesis 66, 67

The Integrative Action of the Nervous System
(Sherrington) 60

Intention Principle 312–313, 315

intentional dimension of language 137

intentional information vs. conceptual information 124

intentional interface 140

intentionality 320

in birds 64

and blame 324

vs. consequences 323

intended vs. foreseen 319

in rhesus monkeys 306

interface between syntax and semantics 142–145, 151

interface conditions 133

interfaces in standard model 126

interhemispheric communication 369

see also
corpus callosum (CC)

internal coherence 169

internal computation 74, 308

internal energy, children's awareness of 225

internal generative system 29

internal language 20–21, 28

internal Merge 28, 32, 53, 55, 156

internalism 152–154

internalist direction of semantics 138

interrogatives, repeated 160–161

intervention, concept of 162–166

intonational phrase boundaries 368, 374

intuition in moral judgment 310

inversion 160, 162

and negation 72

of subject in French 159

island conditions 21, 28, 159, 164

Italian, absence of
to
150

iteration and recursion 176

Jackendoff, Ray 145

Jacob, François 23, 30, 49

Jakobson, R. 400

Japanese

branching structure 213

scrambling 275

jays 391

episodic memory 61–63

and intentionality 64

Jespersen, Otto 149

Joos, Martin 14

judgment of truth 124

Kamm, Frances 320

Kant, Emmanuel 59, 319

Karmilov-Smith, A. and Inhelder, B. 292

Kayne, R. 180, 212

and Pollock, J. Y. 159

Kirschner, Mark 300

Knobe, Joshua 323

Knowledge of Language
(Chomsky) 333

Kohler, Ivo 391

Korean (language) 145

Kuhl, P. K. and Miller, J. D. 334

Kuna Indians, moral judgment 315

L2 acquisition 283, 344–351

labeling vs. counting 231–232

Laka, Itziar 50, 82, 140, 167, 193, 376

Landau, B. and Gleitman, L. R. 207

Language
(Bloomfield) 342

language and morality 309

language acquisition 19–20, 46, 160–161, 281, 288–295, 373–374

and abduction 254

and A×S 288–292

biolinguistic approach 22

in a blind child 207

and capacity for unbounded Merge 29–30

critical period 283–284

and Extended Standard Theory 211–212

innateness 330–332

lexical acquisition 239–242

mental verbs 247–251

parametric model 257–258

perceptual strategies 291–292

principles and parameters (P&P) approach 23, 25, 91, 200, 258, 407

universals in 199–203, 206

language behavior, horizontal 286

language instinct 45

language universals (LU) 196–198, 206

Merge as 213

laser-beam intelligence in animals 70

Lashley, Karl 15, 332

lattice, grammar 106, 264–266, 268–270, 272

“laws of form” 86–87

LCA (Linear Correspondence Axiom) 180, 182

“learning on the fly” 228

LeBlanc, David 271

Lectures on Government and Binding
(Chomsky) 212

left hemisphere 281–282, 353, 355–365

Lenneberg, E. H. 46

levels of representation 336

Lewin, Kurt 195

Lewontin, Richard 100–101, 102

lexical acquisition 239–242

lexical decision task 372

lexical explosion, impossible in non-human primates 308

lexical semantics 150

Liberman, A. M. et al 334

Lightfoot, David 405

Linear Correspondence Axiom (LCA) 180, 182

local dependency vs. finite-state grammar 192

local phrase structure building 191

locality principles 404

Locke, J. 58, 381–382

“Locke's suggestion” 17

logical form vs. grammatical form 146

logical positivism 342

Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory
(LSLT) (Chomsky) 14–15, 392

Long-Distance Anaphor parameters 216

Luria, Salvador 30, 282

macaque monkeys 305

macroparameters 198, 215

Madrid, existence of 397

magical number seven 391

magnetoencephalography (MEG) 354, 365

major word-order parameters 274

“many” as an XP 54

Manzini, R. and Wexler, K. 269, 276

mapping problem 253

Marcus, G. F. 262

markedness, syntactic 204–205

Markovian sources 15

marmosets, musical preference 317–319

Martian puppet experiment 245–246

mass-count distinction 80–81, 82–83

Massey, C. M. and Gelman, R. 225

mathematical linguistics 390–391

matryoshka-structures of sentences 337

McDermott, Josh 317

Mechelli, A. et al 345–347

MEG (magnetoencephalography) 354, 365

Meltzoff, A. N. and Printz, W. 331

memory 406

memory drawers 228

memory tasks 194

Menomini Morphophonemics
(Bloomfield) 342

mental processes 395

mental states, unobservable 251

mental structures 228, 229

in children 226

mental verbs 247–251

mentalism 152

Menzel, R. et al 67

Merge 25–26, 28, 32–33, 47–49, 128, 130–139, 393

and concatenation 52

decomposing 50–51

external 28, 156

hierarchy 134

internal 28, 32, 53, 55, 156

as language universals (LU) 213

movement as 155–157

as one-dimensional 132–133

and ontology 136

parameters 217

unbounded 26, 29, 52, 54

“mesh of springs” algorithm 112, 114

metamorphosis problem 304–305

methodological individualism 154

Methods of Structural Linguistics
(Harris) 13–14

Michelson-Morley experiment 36

Mikhail, John 320

Miller, G. et al 292

Miller, George 20, 391

mind

as blank slate 94–95

in humans and non-humans 59

mind-body problem 17–18

mind-independent entity 27

mind-internal linguistic computations 75

minimal computation 400

minimal search 34

minimal spanning tree 119

minimalism in music 316

minimalist hypothesis 150, 319, 331

minimalist program 25, 131, 169, 197–198

and EPP 279

The Minimalist Program
(Chomsky) 34

minimax concept 91, 107, 385–386, 407

mirror neurons 305–306, 408

mismatch negativity 349, 374

modifier strings 218–219

modularity 86–87

Mokhtarzada, Zekeria 108
fn

molecular drive 86

monkeys

rhesus 77–78, 80–81, 305–308

traveling salesman problem 69

Monod, Jacques 36
fn

Montague's Intensional Logic 146

moral judgment 309–315, 321

nature of 20

permissibility 319–320

Moral Sense Test (MST) 310

Morgenbesser, Sidney 154

Moro, A. 129

morpho-lexical parameters 150

morphology 177–179, 181, 183

motivation in language acquisition 293

Mountcastle, Vernon 17

Move 213, 217

see also
Internal Merge

movement

from basic order 218

chains 157–159, 166

first encounters in children 201–202

as Merge 155–157

parameters 213–215

in Polish 205

Snowballing 219–220

stepwise 159–165, 167, 219

unitary approach 164–165

multi-layered architecture 136

multiple cues 247

multiple discrete final states 101

musical preference 315–319, 326–327

Musso, M. et al 339

N400 359–363, 368–372, 376–377

natural interpretation 21–22

natural language 383

displacement in 31

variation in 211

natural numbers 26, 182

arithmetic 227, 231, 233–234

and recursion 181

natural sciences 18

natural selection 86

nature-nurture 398

negation and inversion 72

Negative Island Condition 34

nematode ganglia, minimum wiring 112

neonates, preference for speech 326–327

nesting 389–391

network optimization theory 109

networks 91

Neubildung
49

neural optimization paradigm 115

Neurath, Otto 382

neurological processes 332

neuron arbor junction 110

neuron arbor optimization 109–110, 116, 118

The New Science of Evo Devo
(Carroll) 24

Newport, Elissa and Johnson,

Jacqueline 350–351

No-Tampering condition 26, 28

Nominative Island Constraint 34

non-core domains 226, 229–230

see also
core domains

non-genomic nativism 108, 116

non-human primates and musical preferences 316–319

nonlinguistic quantificational systems 77

nonsense words 249

norms of reaction 100–101, 102

novelty 49

in evolution 300

Nowak, Martin 408–409

nucleosomes 99–100

null-subject languages 55–56, 215, 257–259

number, reasoning in birds 63–64

numbering system and language, parallels 32–33

numbers, natural 26, 182

arithmetic 227, 231, 233–234

and recursion 181

numerical discrimination 79

numerical quantification in rhesus monkeys 77–78

numerals vs. quantifiers 234, 237–238

nurture, in modular biology 90–91

object concepts in early speech 240–241

object-denoting semantic units 129

object file system 77

object terms 251

octonions 132
fn

O'Donnell, T. J. et al 337, 340

omission vs. action 322–323

On Aims and Methods of Ethology
(Tinbergen) 45

On Growth and Form
(Thompson) 88, 109

ontogeny 79, 87, 90

ontological commitments 82

ontology 83, 132, 153

intuitive vs. physical 139

of natural language 136

operator-variable construction 21–22

optimal computation 400

optimal foraging 407

optimality 72, 110

optimization of brain wiring 109–119

Origin of Species
(Darwin) 23–24

Otsu, Y. 275

overgeneralization of rules in language acquisition 204

overspecified view of UG 95

P600 component 360, 362–365, 369, 374–375

Panini 341, 379

parallel computation 33

parallel individuation system 77, 79–80, 81

parameter settings 23

theory 284–285

parameters 198, 217, 385–386, 404–405

choosing 276

on movement 213–215

in universal grammar (UG) 212

value 271

parametric ambiguity 258

parametric decoding 261–262

parametric model 257–258

parametric triggers 259

parental genes 90

parsing mechanism 261

partial irreversibility 101

Passive 156, 206

past participle agreement 160

PDA (push-down automata) 175, 177, 390

PDA + 178

Peano axioms 236

Peirce, Charles Sanders
see
abduction

Penn, D. C. et al 134

perceptual change, between /b/ and /d/ 334

perceptual mechanism 336

perceptual strategies, in language acquisition 291–292

perspective verbs 247

Petrides, M. and Pandya, D. 185

Pertinovich, Lewis 325

phase impenetrability 163–164

phenotypes 105, 397

phonological distinction, non-native 347–348

phonological learning 283, 336

phrase structure grammar (PSG, Grammar II) 131, 186, 189, 191, 389–390

vs. finite-state grammar 186–187, 338

Hierarchical (Grammar III) 189

tamarins 84, 173–174, 178, 184, 186, 338

and Universal Grammar (UG) 339

phrase structure violation 376

Piaget 407–408

Piattelli-Palmarini, Massimo 407–409

adverbs 141

bees 72

biolinguistics 13

Case agreement 168

E-and I-languages 276

EPP 54–57

language acquisition 94–95, 106–107, 350

moral judgment 322–323

morphology 150

numbers 32, 237

pigeons, number reasoning 63–64

Pinker, Steven 203, 242, 264

and Jackendoff, R. 303

pitch (F0) contour 366

placement order 234–235

planum temporal (PT) 366

plastic behaviors 70

plasticity 98, 100–101, 103

Plato 380

Plato's Problem 44, 46–47

plural-plural systems 79

Polish language acquisition 205

PONS 262

POPS 262

Port Royal Grammar 341

Post, Emil 389

Postal, Paul 394