One Hundred Years of U.S. Navy Air Power (49 page)

    
9
.
  
“Tactics,” Thesis submitted by Commander Patrick N. L. Bellinger as a member of the class of 1926 at the U.S. Naval War College (copy in Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum).

  
10
.
  
War Instructions, United States Navy, 1934
(copy in Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum).

  
11
.
  
Norman Friedman,
U.S. Naval Weapons
(Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1982), p. 186; Grossnick,
U.S. Naval Aviation
, p. 31.

  
12
.
  
René J. Francillon,
McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920
, vol. 1 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1988), pp. 46–52.

  
13
.
  
Thomas Wildenberg,
Destined for Glory: Dive Bombing, Midway, and the Evolution of Carrier Airpower
(Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1998), pp. 104–7; “Aircraft Tactics—Development of,” Aircraft Squadrons, Battle Fleet, 3 February 1927 (copy in Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum); Friedman,
U.S. Naval Weapons
, p. 116.

  
14
.
  
Wildenberg,
Destined for Glory
, p. 167; Barrett Tillman, “Douglas TBD: The Maligned Warrior,”
The Hook
(August 1990), pp. 18–22.

  
15
.
  
Grossnick,
U.S. Naval Aviation
, p. 49; “The Naval Air Service,” A lecture delivered at the Army War College by Rear Admiral William A. Moffett, Chief, Bureau of Aeronautics, 10 November 1925 (copy in Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum).

  
16
.
  
Grossnick,
U.S. Naval Aviation
, pp. 65–66.

  
17
.
  
Friedman,
U.S. Naval Weapons
, p. 190; “Organization of Naval Aviation Battle Fleet, Aircraft Squadrons, Battle Fleet, 1931” (copy in Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum); Bowers,
Curtiss Aircraft
, pp. 205.

  
18
.
  
War Instructions, United States Navy, 1934
.

  
19
.
  
Gordon Swanborough and Peter M. Bowers,
United States Navy Aircraft since 1911
(Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990), pp. 443–46; Wildenberg,
Destined for Glory
, pp. 136–37; Bowers,
Curtiss Aircraft
, p. 264; Friedman,
U.S. Naval Weapons
, p. 190.

  
20
.
  
Moffett, “The Naval Air Service.”

  
21
.
  
The Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Story
(Hartford: Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Division of United Aircraft Corporation, 1950), pp. 49–51.

  
22
.
  
Quoted in Wildenberg,
Destined for Glory
, p. 114.

  
23
.
  
Swanborough and Bowers,
United States Navy Aircraft
, pp. 212–13, quoted in
Bureau of Aeronautics Newsletter
(1 March 1933).

  
24
.
  
Commanding Officer, VF-5B, to Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, 22 May 1935 (copy in Doyle Papers).

  
25
.
  
Aircraft Tactical Board, Aircraft, Battle Force to Commander, Aircraft Battle Force, 21 January 1936 (Doyle Papers).

  
26
.
  
Swanborough and Bowers,
United States Navy Aircraft
, pp. 217–18; René Francillon,
Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War
(Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990), p. 377.

  
27
.
  
New York Times
, 10 February 1929.

  
28
.
  
Grossnick,
U.S. Naval Aviation
, p. 38; Commander Air Detachment to Air Detachment, 28 June 1920 (William W. Townsley Papers, Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum).

  
29
.
  
Swanborough and Bowers,
United States Navy Aircraft
, pp. 428–48.

  
30
.
  
Grossnick,
U.S. Naval Aviation
, p. 48; Reynolds,
Admiral John H. Towers
, 174–76; Admiral Hugh Rodman to Captain Henry C. Mustin, 9 October 1920 (Correspondence File, 1917–1920, Box 2, Henry C. Mustin Paper, Library of Congress).

  
31
.
  
Rear Admiral A. W. Johnson,
The Naval Patrol Plane: Its Development and Use of the Navy
, 1935 (copy in Kenneth Whiting Papers, Nimitz Library, United States Naval Academy).

  
32
.
  
Ibid.

  
33
.
  
Grossnick,
U.S. Naval Aviation
, p. 86.

  
34
.
  
Edward S. Miller,
War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945
(Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1991), pp. 175–76.

  
35
.
  
Ibid.

  
36
.
  
Swanborough and Bowers,
United States Navy Aircraft
, pp. 95–96.

  
37
.
  
Rear Admiral Ernest J. King to Rear Admiral Arthur B. Cook, 21 July 1936 (Correspondence File-Arthur B. Cook, Box 5, Ernest J. King Papers, Library of Congress).

  
38
.
  
Commander Aircraft, Base Force to Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, 1 June 1937 (Memoranda File, 1936–1937, Box 4, Ernest J. King Papers, Library of Congress).

  
39
.
  
Captain William R. Furlong to Rear Admiral Ernest J. King, 4 September 1937 (Correspondence Files E–F, 1936–1938, Box 5, Ernest J. King Papers, Library of Congress).

  
40
.
  
Miller,
War Plan Orange
, p. 176.

  
41
.
  
Grossnick,
U.S. Naval Aviation
, p. 49. These tests were more famous for the publicity garnered by Army bombers that supported General William Mitchell's efforts to form an independent air service.

  
42
.
  
Bureau of Aeronautics Memorandum, 13 December 1934 (Correspondence H-R, 1933–1936, Box 4, Ernest J. King Papers, Library of Congress).

  
43
.
  
Admiral Joseph M. Reeves to Captain John H. Hoover, 9 April 1935 (Correspondence Files H, 1936–1938, Box 5, Ernest J. King Papers, Library of Congress); and Captain John H. Hoover to Admiral Joseph M. Reeves, 10 January 1935 (Correspondence Files R, 1936–1938, Box 6, Ernest J. King Papers, Library of Congress).

  
44
.
  
Miller,
War Plan Orange
, p. 179.

  
45
.
  
Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the Fiscal Year 1941
(Washington, DC: GPO, 1941).

  
46
.
  
Ibid.

  
47
.
  
Captain John Hoover to Admiral Joseph M. Reeves, 10 January 1935 (Correspondence Files R, 1936–1938, Box 6, Ernest J. King Papers, Library of Congress).

  
48
.
  
See entries in Swanborough and Bowers,
United States Navy Aircraft
, for respective aircraft; Barrett Tillman, “Cost of Doing Business,”
Flight Journal
, Vol. 14, No. 6 (December 2009), p. 31.

  
49
.
  
Statistical Information on World War II Carrier Experience: Special Study-Aircraft Performance Characteristics
(copy in Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum).

  
50
.
  
Naval Aviation Combat Statistics—World War II
(Washington, DC: Air Branch, Officer of Naval Intelligence, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, 1946), p. 60.

  
51
.
  
Ibid.

  
52
.
  
Ibid., p. 84.

  
53
.
  
Mark R. Peattie,
Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941
(Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2001), pp. 183, 187; René Francillon,
Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War
(Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990), pp. 454–61, 320–29;
Statistical Information on World War II Carrier Experience: Special Study-Aircraft Performance Characteristics
(copy in Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum).

  
54
.
  
Grossnick,
U.S. Naval Aviation
, p. 448.

  
55
.
  
Ibid., pp. 423–31.

  
56
.
  
Commander, Fighting Squadron Ten to Commanding Officer, USS
Enterprise
, Report of Action—10–17 November 1942 (copy in files of Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum).

  
57
.
  
Clark G. Reynolds,
The Fast Carriers
, 2nd edition (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1992), p. 62; Papers of Thomas Provost (Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum).

  
58
.
  
John B. Lundstrom,
The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway
(Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1984), pp. 458–68.

  
59
.
  
Captain Seldon B. Spangler to Chief, Bureau of Aeronautics, Report on Trip to Pacific Area, 5 May 1945 (Vice Admiral Seldon B. Spangler Papers, Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum).

  
60
.
  
Naval Aviation Combat Statistics—World War II
, pp. 112–13.

  
61
.
  
Ibid., p. 109.

  
62
.
  
Reynolds,
The Fast Carriers
, p. 357.

  
63
.
  
Naval Aviation Combat Statistic—World War II
, p. 102.

  
64
.
  
Ibid.

  
65
.
  
Captain Seldon B. Spangler to Chief, Bureau of Aeronautics, Report on Trip to Pacific Area, 5 May 1945 (Vice Admiral Seldon B. Spangler Papers, Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum); Commander William N. Leonard to Vice Admiral John S. McCain, circa 1944 (copy in John S. Thach Papers, Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum).

  
66
.
  
Commander Seldon B. Spangler to Director of Material, Bureau of Aeronautics, Comments on Various Airplanes (Vice Admiral Seldon B. Spangler Papers, Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum).

  
67
.
  
Michael D. Roberts,
Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons
, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2000), p. 443.

  
68
.
  
See Captain Richard C. Knott,
The American Flying Boat: An Illustrated History
(Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1979).

  
69
.
  
Swanborough and Bowers,
United States Navy Aircraft
, p. 103.

  
70
.
  
Naval Aviation Combat Statistics—World War II
, pp. 15, 124.

  
71
.
  
Ibid., pp. 119–20.

  
72
.
  
Miller,
War Plan Orange
, p. 350; Commander, Task Force 38 to Task Force 38, 26 June 1945, Selection of Japanese Targets for Carrier Based Attack (copy in John S. Thach Papers, Emil Buehler Naval Aviation Library, National Naval Aviation Museum).

  
73
.
  
For HVAR use, see
Naval Aviation Combat Statistics—World War II
, pp. 33–35.

  
74
.
  
In Chronological Section, 1904–1921, Rear Admiral William A. Moffett Papers (Microfilm copy in Nimitz Library, U.S. Naval Academy).