Overruled (35 page)

17.
Pilon, email to author.

18.
United States v. Lopez,
514 U.S. 549 (1995). Audio of the November 8, 1994 oral argument is available at
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1994/1994_93_1260
.

19.
United States v. Lopez,
514 U.S. 549, 567-568 (1995).

20.
Interview with Randy Barnett, March 2012.

21.
Randy E. Barnett,
Restoring the Lost Constitution: The Presumption of Liberty
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), x-xi.

22.
Barnett interview.

23.
United States v. Morrison,
529 U.S. 598, 613 (2000).

24.
Randy Barnett, Nathaniel Stewart, and Todd Gaziano, “Why the Personal Mandate to Buy Health Insurance Is Unprecedented and Unconstitutional,” Heritage Foundation Legal Memorandum, no. 49, December 9, 2009. See also Josh Blackman,
Unprecedented: The Constitutional Challenge to Obamacare
(New York: Public Affairs, 2013).

25.
Barnett interview.

26.
Complaint at 4,
Florida v. Department of Health and Human Services,
no. 3:10-cv-91, N.D. Fla., March 23, 2010.

27.
Florida v. Department of Health and Human Services,
780 F. Supp. 2d 1256 (N.D. Fla. 2011).

28.
Department of Health and Human Services v. Florida,
648 F.3d 1235 (11th Cir. 2011).

29.
Thomas More Law Center v. Obama,
651 F.3d 529, 566 (6th Cir. 2011).

30.
The Anti-Injunction Act, 26 U.S.C. § 7421(a) (1867).

31.
David Weigel, “Into the Void: How the Democrats Gave a Conservative Judge an Opening to Invalidate the Health Care Law,”
Slate,
January 31, 2011. Available at
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2011/01/into_the_void.html
.

32.
Time,
June 18, 2012.

33.
Confirmation Hearings on the Nomination of John G. Roberts, Jr. to be Chief Justice of the United States, Hearing Before the Senate Judiciary Committee,
109th Cong., 1st Sess. (2005), 145 [hereinafter
Roberts Hearings
].

34.
Roberts Hearings,
284-285.

35.
Roberts Hearings,
285-286.

36.
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission,
130 S. Ct. 876, 917 (2010).

37.
Citizens United,
130 S. Ct. at 919.

38.
Citizens United,
130 S. Ct. at 921.

39.
Damon Root, “Strict Scrutiny,” Reason.com, August 18, 2011. Available at
http://www.reason.com/archives/2011/08/18/strict-scrutiny
.

40.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida,
transcript, no. 11-398, transcript of oral argument, March 26, 2012, 3.

41.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 26, 2012, 31-32.

42.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 26, 2012, 44-45.

43.
Jason DeParle, “In Battle to Pick Next Justice, Right Says, Avoid a Kennedy,”
New York Times,
June 27, 2005.

44.
Raich,
545 U.S. at 1. That same year, Justice Kennedy also voted against the libertarian Institute for Justice in
Kelo v. City of New London,
545 U.S. 469 (2005). For the argument that Kennedy practices a “modestly libertarian jurisprudence,” see Helen J. Knowles,
The Tie Goes to Freedom: Justice Anthony Kennedy on Liberty
(Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefied, 2009), 3.

45.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 31.

46.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 104.

47.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 39-40.

48.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 12-13.

49.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
648 F.3d at 1235.

50.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 15-16.

51.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 30.

52.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 39.

53.
Roberts Hearings,
162.

54.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 46.

55.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 47-48.

56.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 50.

57.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 52-53.

58.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 54.

59.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 81.

60.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 108-109.

61.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 110-11.

62.
Dept. of HHS v. Florida
transcript, March 27, 2012, 111.

63.
Florida v. Department of Health and Human Services,
no. 11-400, transcript of oral argument, March 28, 2012, 81.

64.
Florida v. Dept. of HHS
transcript, March 28, 2012, 82.

65.
Florida v. Dept. of HHS
transcript, March 28, 2012, 83.

66.
Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Press Conference,” May 31, 1935. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,
The American Presidency Project,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15065
.

67.
Jake Tapper and Mary Bruce, “President Obama Seems to Prepare Arguments for a Supreme Court Defeat,” ABC News, April 2, 2012. Available at
http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/president-obama-seems-to-prepare-arguments-for-a-supreme-court-defeat/
.

68.
Statement of Senator Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.), Chairman, Senate Judiciary Committee, On the Supreme Court's Review of the Affordable Care Act, May 14, 2012. Available at
http://www.leahy.senate.gov/press/on-senate-floor-leahy-shares-observations-about-scotus-arguments-on-affordable-care-act
.

69.
Jeffrey Rosen, “Second Opinions,”
The New Republic,
May 4, 2012. Available at
http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/103090/magazine/conservative-judges-justices-supreme-court-obama
.

70.
George Will, “Liberals Put the Squeeze to Justice Roberts,”
Washington Post,
May 25, 2012.

71.
Jan Crawford, “Roberts Switched Views to Uphold Health Care Law,” CBS News, July 2, 2012. Available at
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/roberts-switched-views-to-uphold-health-care-law/
.

72.
Jeffrey Rosen, “Are Liberals Trying to Intimidate John Roberts?”
The New Republic,
May 28, 2012. Available at
http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/103656/obamacare-affordable-care-act-critics-response
.

73.
Audio of the June 28, 2012 opinion announcement in
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
132 S. Ct. 2566 (2012) is available at
http://www.oyez.org/cases/2010-2019/2011/2011_11_400
. All quotes from the opinion announcement are taken from my transcription.

74.
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius,
132 S. Ct. 2566, 2593 (2012).

75.
Blodgett v. Holden,
275 U.S. 142, 148 (1927).

76.
NFIB v. Sebelius,
132 S. Ct. at 2594.

77.
NFIB v. Sebelius,
132 S. Ct. at 2579.

78.
Oliver Wendell Holmes to Harold Laski, March 4, 1920, in
Holmes-Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold J. Laski, 1916-1935,
vol. 1, ed. Mark De Wolfe Howe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), 249.

Epilogue

1.
Video of the Yale conference is available at
http://www.law.yale.edu/intellectuallife/constinterp12.htm
.

2.
Clint Bolick,
Changing Course: Civil Rights at the Crossroads
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1988), 122.

3.
St. Joseph Abbey v. Castille,
712 F.3 215, 226 (5th Cir. 2013).

Index

The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

abolitionism and abolitionists,
11
–13,
17
–20,
25
–6,
58
,
60
,
202

abortion.
See
reproductive rights cases

activism.
See
judicial activism

Adamson v. California,
95

Adkins v. Children's Hospital,
62
–3,
73
–4,
93

Affordable Care Act.
See
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)

Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933),
71
,
73

Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938),
211

Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act (1937),
133

Ah Kow v. Nunan,
37

Alito, Samuel,
3
,
202
,
224
–5,
239

Allen v. Tooley,
15

Allgeyer v. Louisiana,
39
,
47

American Civil Liberties Union,
116

American Civil Rights Union,
197
–8

American Home Missionary Society, 22

American Revolution,
116
,
187

amicus
briefs,
106
,
197
,
209

Anthony, Susan B.,
63

Anti-Federalists,
187

Anti-Imperialist League,
58

Anti-Injunction Act (1867),
220
–1,
224
–5

Articles of Confederation,
210

Ashcroft, John,
178
,
184

Auld, Thomas,
11
–12

Baker v. Carr,
88
–9

Bakeshop Act (1895),
45
–8

Barnett, Randy,
130
–1,
205
–8,
214
–19,
225
,
235
,
237
,
239

Restoring the Lost Constitution,
215

Barron v. Baltimore,
25

Bartels v. Iowa,
57

Benedict, Jeff,
168

Berman v. Parker,
150
–1,
156
–7,
160
–1,
163
,
166

Bernstein, David,
46

Bickel, Alexander,
96
–7

Least Dangerous Branch, The,
97

Biden, Joseph,
78
–80,
123

Bill of Rights,
85
,
88
,
91
,
234

Fourteenth Amendment and,
28
,
30

proposal and original application of,
25
,
187
,
189
–90

substantive due process and,
189
–90,
193

See also individual amendments

Bingham, John,
12
–13,
26
–9

birth control.
See
reproductive rights cases

Black, Hugo,
82
,
94
–6

Black Codes,
20
–3,
25
–7,
31
,
202
–3

“Black Monday” (May 27, 1935),
67
,
72

Blackmun, Harry,
99
–100

Blackstone, William:
Commentaries on the Laws of England,
28

Blackwell, Ken,
198

Blakely, Clayton B.,
59
–60

Blodgett v. Holden,
4

Boggs, Danny,
147

Bolick, Clint,
141
–4,
154
,
158

Changing Course: Civil Rights at the Crossroads,
144
,
195

Unfinished Business,
141
,
144
,
149
,
195
,
204

Bork, Robert,
8
,
104
,
223

education and early career,
96
–7

and Federalist Society,
106
,
108
–9

on
Griswold
v. Connecticut,
96
–9,
111
–13

and judicial restraint/activism,
5
,
77
–9,
96
–7,
112
–13

and majoritarianism,
5
,
109
–10,
112
,
118
–19,
121
–2,
131

on
Roe v. Wade,
100
–1,
113

on
Slaughter-House Cases,
195
–6

Supreme Court nomination and hearings,
77
–9,
109

Tempting of America, The,
5
,
109
,
195

Bowers v. Hardwick,
114
–17,
128

Bradwell, Myra,
35

Bradwell v. Illinois,
35

“Brain Trust” (of FDR),
69

Brandeis, Louis,
53
,
63
–4,
67
–70,
72
,
74

Curse of Bigness, The,
69

Brennan, William,
89
,
92

Breyer, Stephen,
127
,
159
–60,
164
–5,
185
,
187
,
227

Brooks, Preston,
58

Brown, Janice Rogers,
133
–5

Brown, John,
19

Brown v. Board of Education,
8
,
83
–6,
142

Brownback, Sam,
222

Buchanan, Charles H.,
59

Buchanan v. Warley,
57
–61,
84

Buck, Carrie,
44

Buck v. Bell,
44
,
53
,
73

Bullock, Scott,
154
–66

Bush, George H. W.,
104

Bush, George W.,
4
,
103
–4,
169
,
183
–4,
206
,
208
,
220

Butchers Benevolent Association,
13

Butler, Pierce,
73

Calabresi, Steven,
104
,
107

Calhoun, John C.,
17

Cardozo, Benjamin,
2
,
62
,
68
,
74

Carolene Products Company,
80
–1,
83
,
92
–3,
111
,
130
,
135
,
150
,
166

Carr, Joseph Cardell,
88
–9

Carvin, Michael,
230

Case of the Tailors of Ipswich,
15

Casino Reinvestment Development Authority v. Coking,
151
–2,
154

Cato Institute,
119
,
121
,
158
,
170
,
175
–6,
189
,
196

Center for Constitutional Studies,
116
,
123
–4,
154
,
174
,
209
,
212

founding of,
116

and
Lawrence v. Texas,
124
–5,
128

New Right v. The Constitution, The
(Macedo),
121

and
United States v. Lopez,
213

Center for Applied Jurisprudence (Pacific Research Institute),
139
–41

Center for Civil Rights (Landmark Legal Foundation),
154

Center for Constitutional Studies (Cato Institute),
116
,
123
–4,
154
,
174
,
209
,
212

Chase, Salmon P.,
31

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission,
223
,
235

Civil Rights Act of 1866,
24
–6,
29
,
31
,
143

civil rights cases

Brown v. Board of Education,
8
,
83
–6,
142

Dred Scott v. Sandford,
19
–20,
24
,
60
,
70

Plessy v. Ferguson,
142

See also
sexual orientation cases

civil rights movement,
83
–6,
141
–4

Civil War, American,
20
,
27
,
38
–9,
41
–4

Clement, Paul,
183
–4,
199
,
206
–8,
230

Cleveland, Grover,
58

Clinton, Bill,
3
,
181

Coburn, Tom,
1

Coke, Sir Edward,
15
–16

Coking, Vera,
151
–2

Colfax massacre,
191
–2

Commerce Clause,
67
–8,
70
,
75
–6,
205
–18,
224
–39

common law,
15
,
56
,
94

Compassionate Use Act (California, 1996),
205
,
216
.
See also Gonzales v. Raich

Concerned Women for America,
116

conservative legal movement

and
D.C. v. Heller,
169

and Federalist Society,
103
–9,
114
,
122

and judicial activism,
106
–8,
117
,
121

and judicial restraint,
8
,
52
,
108
,
112
,
119
–20

and libertarianism,
110
–25,
168
,
195
–9

and Mountain States Legal Foundation,
137
–42

Constitution.
See individual amendments;
Bill of Rights;
U.S. Constitution

contraception.
See
reproductive rights cases

Controlled Substances Act,
205
–6.
See also Gonzales v. Raich

Coolidge, Calvin,
73

Cooper, Charles,
176

Coors, Joseph,
138
–9

Corcoran, Thomas,
69

Corfield v. Coryell,
28
–9,
31
,
57

Coyle, Marcia,
193

Craigmiles, Nathaniel,
147

Craigmiles v. Giles,
147

Crane, Ed,
119

Crawford, Jan,
233
–4

Croly, Herbert,
52
,
84

Progressive Democracy,
52

Curtis, Michael Kent:
No State Shall Abridge,
27
–8

Darrow, Clarence,
137

Davis, Jefferson,
41

Day, William,
60

Days, Drew,
214

Debs, Eugene,
44
,
55

Declaration of Independence,
17
,
27

deference.
See
judicial deference

DeLay, Tom,
166

Dellinger, Walter,
181
–3

Democratic Party,
78
–9.
See also
National Democratic Party (Gold Democrats)

Department of Health and Human Services v. Florida,
223
.
See also National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
and related cases

Department of Justice (DOJ),
178
–9,
184

Dery, Wilhelmina,
157

Dewey, John,
61

District of Columbia v. Heller,
169
–70,
173
–4,
181
–93,
196
–7,
199
–202,
234

Dole, Bob,
78
–9

Dorn, James,
119

Douglas, William O.,
80
,
82
,
91
,
93
–5,
113
,
151
,
161
,
163

Douglass, Frederick,
11
–13,
18
–20, 202

My Bondage and My Freedom,
12

Dred Scott v. Sandford,
19
–20,
24
,
60
,
70

Du Bois, W. E. B.,
60

Due Process Clause

Fifth Amendment,
62
–3

Fourteenth Amendment,
7
,
12
,
26
–7,
33
,
36
,
52
–3,
56
,
59
,
62
–3,
85
–6,
90
–5,
98
–100

See also
substantive due process

Dunlap, Alexander,
23

economic rights cases

Adkins v. Children's Hospital,
62
–3,
73
–4,
93

Allgeyer v. Louisiana,
39
,
47

Kelo v. City of New London,
152
–68,
222

Lochner v. New York,
45
,
47
–51,
57
,
59
,
62
,
71
,
79
,
84
–5,
93
–5,
98
–100,
112
,
119
,
129
,
227