Pillar of Fire (133 page)

Authors: Taylor Branch

BOOK: Pillar of Fire

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sit briefly with Malcolm X: Int. Andrew Young, Oct. 26, 1991; Young,
Easy Burden
, p. 325. (The Young memoir notes erroneously that the “well known photograph” of King and Malcolm was taken at this event.) Malcolm X referred to witnessing King's armory speech in an interview with reporter Claude Lewis. Gallen,
As They Knew Him
, p. 169.

In his speech: “Address to the Harlem Community Salute,” Dec. 17, 1964, Tape No. 27, A/KS.

parable of the rich man Dives: Branch,
Parting
, pp. 12, 705.

stopped off at the White House: NYT, Dec. 19, 1964, p. 32; King statement to Washington reporters, Dec. 18, 1964, A/KS; Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, p. 368.

to steer King off three: Lee White to LBJ, Dec. 18, 1964, Diary Back-up, Box 12, LBJ.

fn On the Nobel trip: NYT, Dec. 8, 1964, p. 53; King address in City Temple Hall, London, Dec. 7, 1964, A/KS; “King Advocates Congo Withdrawal,” NYT, Dec. 14, 1964, p. 3. Among King's Nobel Prize papers is a note from Clarence Jones urging him to mention the 1960 Peace Prize won by Chief Albert Luthuli, in order to “forge a link or bond between the US Civil Rts Movement and the African (or So African) Liberation Movement.” Nobel Prize speech drafts, A/KP18f33 and A/KP12f67.

fn introduction of television: NYT, Nov. 10, 1964, p. 1.

send them a copy: Lee White to MLK, Jan. 6, 1965, Diary Back-up, Box 12, LBJ.

Clark's son Ramsey: Ramsey Clark Oral History by H. T. Baker, March 21, 1969, LBJ.

“Now what's Georgia doing?”: Juanita Roberts note, Diary Back-up, Box 12, LBJ.

retrieve Ralph and Juanita: PDD, Dec. 18, 1964, LBJ.

encountered Fannie Lou Hamer: Mills,
This Little Light
, pp. 140-44; Breitman, ed.,
Malcolm X Speaks
, pp. 105-36; Malcolm X speech at the Williams Institutional Church, New York, Dec. 20, 1964, Audiotape C-185, SCRBC.

“I go for that”: Ibid, p. 134.

fn “Malcolm Favors a Mau Mau in U.S.”: NYT, Dec. 21, 1964, p. 20.

“I'm not interested”: Gallen,
As They Knew Him
, pp. 171-73.

retained bruised memories: Summary of Clarence Jones-King phone call of December 21, 1964, in New York LHM dated Dec. 23, 1964, FK-NR.

paralyzed with dissension: Forman,
Black Revolutionaries
, pp. 411-40.

Moses was opposing: Int. Robert P. Moses, July 31, 1984, Feb. 15, 1991; int. Lawrence Guyot, Feb. 1, 1991.

withdrew from deliberations: Dittmer,
Local People
, pp. 324-37.

Guyot announced in Jackson: Informant report on MFDP meeting, Dec. 20, 1964, MSSC.

Ryan revealed: Kinoy,
Rights on Trial
, p. 271.

“the root cause of Mississippi injustices”: MLK press release and “Dear Congressman” letter of Dec. 24, 1964, A/KS; MLK mass telegram dated Jan. 3, 1965, A/KP24f27.

Leon 4X Ameer: Goldman,
Death and Life
, pp. 249, 308; Perry,
Malcolm
, p. 341.

“It was he”: Malcolm X speech of Feb. 15, 1965, in Perry,
Last Speeches
, pp. 136-37; Goldman,
Death and Life
, p. 414.

Atlantans were agitating: NYT, Dec. 29, 1964, p. 1.

fn annual goodwill dinner: Allen,
Mayor
, pp. 94-95.

first acknowledgment of controversy: “City's Leaders Express Cautious, Mixed Feelings,” AC, Dec. 29, 1964, p. 2.

since the announcement: Benjamin Mays of Morehouse wrote Mayor Ivan Allen on the day of the Nobel announcement, suggesting that Atlanta give King some “official recognition.” Mays to Allen, Oct. 15, 1964, A/KP15f31.

told family that he did not care: Coretta King,
My Life
, p. 32.

Abernathy was refusing: Int. Andrew Young, Oct. 26, 1991.

instructing the SCLC staff: Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, p. 366.

overhead Coretta King worrying: Garrow,
FBI and Martin
, p. 133.

agent took notes: SAC, New York, to Director, Dec. 30, 1964, FMX-203. The New York FBI office also recorded Malcolm's appearance, but the verbatim transcript was not completed until January 14. “Remarks of Malcolm X on Les Crane Show on WABC-TV, Channel 7, 12/28/64,” transcript prepared Jan. 14, 1965, FMXNY-5392.

by train to Philadelphia: Philadelphia LHM dated Jan. 19, 1965, FMX-NR, pp. 4-6.

Malcolm would be shot: SAC, Philadelphia, to Director, Dec. 29, 1964, FMXNY-5326.

forming an alliance: SAC, Boston, to Director, Dec. 30, 1964, FMXNY-5330.

Malcolm called home: SAC, Philadelphia, to Director, Dec. 30, 1964, FMXNY-5328.

Malcolm X received a delegation: Breitman, ed.,
Malcolm X Speaks
, p. 137.

“Excuse me for raising”: Ibid., p. 144.

“That's what split the Muslim movement”: Breitman,
Last Year
, p. 17.

39: T
O THE
V
ALLEY
: T
HE
D
OWNWARD
K
ING

drive from Atlanta to Selma: Int. Ralph Abernathy, Nov. 19, 1984; Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, p. 372.

joint quarters in the guest room: Int. Jean and Sullivan Jackson, May 27, 1990.

shared many ties: Ibid. Also int. Amelia Boynton Robinson, Aug. 9, 1990; int. Marie Foster, Aug. 8, 1990; int. L. L. Anderson, May 27, 1990; int. Bernard Lafayette, May 28, 1990.

Andrew Young moved: Int. Andrew Young, Oct. 26, 1991.

“forty colored ladies of Selma”: Amelia Boynton to MLK, Nov. 30, 1963, A/KP21f10.

Hare's sweeping injunction: Fitts,
Selma
, p. 140; Garrow,
Protest at Selma
, p. 34.

King's scouts in Selma: Harry Boyte to R. T. Blackwell, “Report on Selma Visit Last Week,” Dec. 14, 1964, A/SC146f8; int. C. T. Vivian, May 26, 1990.

fn “Segregation was not”: Hampton and Fayer,
Voices
, p. 216.

Negro Elks Hall: Fitts,
Selma
, p. 140.

down to the control of Selma sidewalks: Fager,
Selma
1965, pp. 5-6; Chestnut,
Black in Selma
, pp. 195-98.

“Dr. King Due”: NYT, Jan. 1, 1965, p. 16; WP, Jan. 2, 1965, p. 2.

Friday night's Orange Bowl: Fager,
Selma
1965, p. 4.

“Today marks the beginning”: NYT, Jan. 3, 1964, p. 1; Fager,
Selma
1965, pp. 10-11.

to open the 89th Congress: NYT, Jan. 5, 1965, p. 1.

“I'se de Mississippi”:
Jet
, Jan. 21, 1965, pp. 14-17; NYT, Jan. 5, 1965, p. 17.

move to seat the five: Kinoy,
Rights on Trial
, pp. 272-75; Mills,
This Little Light
, pp. 152-54.

Bill Moyers replied carefully: White House press briefing, 6:33
P.M.
, Jan. 4, 1965, “Legislative Background, Voting Rights Act of 1965,” Box 1, LBJ.

fn “tried harder here”: Garrow,
Protest at Selma
, p. 34.

Katzenbach wanted time: Int. Nicholas Katzenbach, June 14, 1991; Garrow,
Protest at Selma
, pp. 35-39.

constitutional amendment: Draft constitutional amendment dated Jan. 8, 1965, “Legislative Background, Voting Rights Act of 1965,” Box 1, LBJ.

“the first continental union”: NYT, Jan. 5, 1964, p. 16.

75 million viewers: Dave Waters to LBJ, Jan. 13, 1965, Box 367, WHCF-PR, LBJ.

Coretta King called: Garrow,
FBI and Martin
, pp. 133-34; Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, pp. 372-74.

Abernathy was rushed in: Abernathy,
Walls Came Tumbling
, pp. 309-11, 472-73.

fn Andrew Young remembered: Young,
Easy Burden
, pp. 328-29.

interpretation was unanimous: Stokes Committee,
Staff Reports
, Book 3, pp. 158-61.

They were too rattled: Int. Harry Wachtel, Oct. 27, 1983, May 17, 1990; int. Bernard Lee, June 19, 1985.

“They are out to break me”: Garrow,
FBI and Martin
, p. 134.

Eskridge was toughened: Int. Chauncey Eskridge, Feb. 20, 1985, Feb. 22, 1985; int. Yvonne Eskridge, Jan. 13, 1991.

relationship with Stanley Levison: Int. Harry Wachtel, Oct. 27, 1983, May 17, 1990.

Harvard's Memorial Church: NYT, Jan. 11, 1965, p. 27.

settled for DeLoach: Garrow,
FBI and Martin
, pp. 134-35; Young,
Easy Burden
, pp. 329-31; Abernathy,
Walls Came Tumbling
, pp. 311-12; Stokes Committee, Staff Reports, Book III, pp. 169-70.

“gloated to his superiors”: Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, p. 377.

spoke at Johns Hopkins: Log, A/SC29; Jan. 11, 1965, address on obsolete war, “Nonviolence or Nonexistence,” A/KS7.

second Klan confession: NYT, Jan. 11, 1965, p. 1.

three Greenwood plumbers: NYT, Jan. 8, 1965, p. 32.

secretaries failed to appear: Clegg,
An Original Man
, p. 227.

instructions from Captain Joseph: Int. Yusuf Shah (Captain Joseph), Oct. 17, 1991.

shot Brown in the back: Goldman,
Death and Life
, p. 250; Perry,
Malcolm
, p. 341.

new alias: New York report dated Jan. 20, 1965, cover page A, FMX-215.

Bevel stunned: Fager,
Selma 1965
, p. 25.

first Selma youth rally: Mobile LHM dated Jan. 15, 1965, FDCA-275.

“If you can't vote”: Webb and Nelson,
Selma
, p. 6.

block captains were elected: Bevel report to R. T. Blackwell, Jan. 12, 1965, A/SC146f8.

From a downtown storefront: Int. Diane Nash, Oct. 26, 1997.

tandem approach: Remarks by Silas Norman, Session No. 6, Trinity College SNCC reunion, 1988; int. Bernard Lafayette, May 28, 1990.

pitched their self-selected young newcomers: Ibid. Also int. Fay Bellamy, Oct. 29, 1991; int. Frank Soracco, Sept. 13, 1990; int. Charles Fager, Sept. 27, 1983; Charles Fager 1965 Oral History, Project Sough, SUARC.

“Things are starting to move”: Soracco to “Dad and Ann,” Jan. 9, 1965, courtesy of Frank and Sandy Soracco.

mass meeting at First Baptist: Mobile LHM dated Jan. 15, 1965, FDCA-275.

“I am trying to get over”: MLK address of Jan. 14, 1965, Selma surveillance tape No. 7, BIR.

Johnson called King: PDD, Jan. 15, 1965, LBJ; “Contacts with Civil Rights Leaders, 1963-68,” Legislative Background, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Box 1, LBJ; Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, p. 382.

recruitments intensified: Staff notes, Jan. 14, 1965, A/SN7.

“students that refuse”: Staff notes, Jan. 15, 1965, A/SN7.

continued negotiations: Garrow,
Protest at Selma
, p. 42.

“begging on my knees”: Int. Sheriff Robert “Cotton” Nichols, May 28, 1990.

“Mrs. Anderson has so many”: Staff notes, Jan. 16, 1965, A/SN7.

first skirmish: Fager,
Selma
1965, pp. 26-29; STJ, Jan. 18, 1965, p. 1; Rosen to Belmont, Jan. 18, 1965, FDCA-275x7.

Robinson slugged him once: Paul Good, “States Rights Partisan Slugs Dr. King in Hotel,” WP, Jan. 19, 1965, p. 1.

serious consternation in the Justice Department: Rosen to Belmont, Jan. 18, 1965, FDCA-275x10; SAC, Mobile, to Director, Jan. 18, 1965, FDCA-275x21.

“Commander! Commander!”: Int. Sheriff Robert “Cotton” Nichols, May 28, 1990.

“rumblings of discontent”: STJ, Jan. 19, 1965, p. 1.

“And charge 'em with what?”: Raines,
My Soul
, pp. 214-17.

Clark ordered their arrest: NYT, Jan. 20, 1965, p. 1.