Rabid (35 page)

121  
Roux’s medical training had been temporarily disrupted:
Hubert Arthur Lechevalier and Morris Solotorovsky,
Three Centuries of Microbiology
(New York: Dover, 1975), 143.

121  
“This Roux is really a pain”:
Patrice Debré,
Louis Pasteur,
trans. Elborg Forster (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 334.

122  
“Live in the serene peace”:
René Vallery-Radot,
The Life of Pasteur,
trans. Mrs. R. L. Devonshire (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1916), 451.

122  
“When I see a child”:
Ibid., 447.

122  
“I am now wholly wrapped up”:
Ibid., 172.

123  
leading to a case fatality rate:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/smallpox/sp_variolation.html
.

123  
within a year the Prince of Wales’s daughters:
Abbas M. Behbehani, “The Smallpox Story: Life and Death of an Old Disease,”
Microbiological Reviews
47, no. 4 (1983): 455–509.

123  
Only after the unexpected death of Louis XV:
Frank Fenner et al.,
Smallpox and Its Eradication
(Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988), 255.

124  
more than 100,000
were vaccinated:
Sheryl Persson,
Smallpox, Syphilis, and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World
(Wollombi, NSW, Australia: Exisle, 2009), 31.

124  
scientists and laypeople who claimed:
Arthur Allen,
Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine’s Greatest Lifesaver
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 56–57, 64–69.

125  
rampant in France during the 1870s:
Bernard J. Freedman, “A Tale of Two Holidays: How to Make Great Discoveries,”
British Medical Journal,
July 15, 1989, 162.

125n
the French historian Antonio Cadeddu:
Gerald L. Geison,
The Private Science of Louis Pasteur
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), 40.

127n
“The Koch group, which relied on”:
Thomas D. Brock,
Robert Koch: A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology
(Madison, Wisc.: Science Tech, 1988), 171–72.

128  
“[t]he twenty-five unvaccinated sheep will perish”:
Vallery-Radot,
Life of Pasteur
, 315–20.

128  
“As M. Pasteur foretold”:
Nigel Kelly, Bob Rees, and Paul Shute,
Medicine Through Time
(Oxford: Heinemann Educational, 2002), 87, quoting
Times
(London), June 3, 1881.

129  
“This malady is one of those”:
Debré,
Louis Pasteur,
417, quoting Emile Roux, “L’oeuvre medicale de Pasteur,”
Agenda du Chimiste
(1896).

131  
“absolutely ignorant of any connection”:
Vallery-Radot,
Life of Pasteur,
391.

131  
“This is indeed a new disease”:
Debré,
Louis Pasteur,
419, quoting Pasteur in Vallery-Radot,
Maladies virulentes, virus-vaccins, et prophylaxie de la rage,
in
Oeuvres de Pasteur
(Paris: Masson et Cie, 1939), 555.

132  
Pasteur referred to the unseen:
Debré,
Louis Pasteur,
414–15.

133  
“‘We absolutely have to inoculate the rabbits”:
Debré,
Louis Pasteur,
429, quoting R. Rosset,
Pasteur et la rage
(Lyon: Fondation Mérieux, 1985).

134
“The seat of the rabic virus”:
Vallery-Radot,
Life of Pasteur,
172.

134  
“It is torture for the experimenter”:
Debré,
Louis Pasteur,
421.

134  
“[Roux], [Charles] Chamberland, and [Louis] Thuillier”:
Debré,
Louis Pasteur,
430, quoting Rosset,
Pasteur et la rage
.

136  
“Until now I have not dared”:
Vallery-Radot,
Life of Pasteur,
404.

137  
“I have not yet dared to treat”:
Ibid., 410.

138  
“On 6 July at eight o’clock”:
Debré,
Louis Pasteur,
439.

139  
“My dear children”:
Vallery-Radot,
Life of Pasteur,
416.

139  
“Cured from his wounds”:
Ibid., 417.

140  
“Very good news last night”:
Ibid.

140  
“Hydrophobia, that dread disease”:
Ibid., 422.

141  
“he had a kind word for every one”:
Ibid., 447.

141  
“I have such confidence in the preventive forces”:
Pasteur Institute Web site,
http://www.pasteurfoundation.org/historic.shtml
.

142  
“Is this all we have come”:
Vallery-Radot,
Life of Pasteur,
426.

142  
the story was raptly followed:
Bert Hansen, “Medical Advances in Nineteenth-Century America,”
History Now,
no. 10 (Dec. 2006),
http://www.gilderlehrman.org/historynow/12_2006/historian6.php
.

142  
the four of them were trotted out:
Bert Hansen, “America’s First Medical Breakthrough: How Popular Excitement About a French Rabies Cure in 1885 Raised New Expectations for Medical Progress,”
American Historical Review
103, no. 2 (1998): 373–418.

142  
Many newspapers also went out:
Hansen, “Medical Advances in Nineteenth-Century America.”

143  
“It reversed the assumption”:
Ibid.

143  
Some, in the decade or so:
Hansen, “America’s First Medical Breakthrough.”

143  
“From the heights of our settled situations”:
Bruno Latour,
The Pasteurization of France,
trans. Alan Sheridan and John Law (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988), 130, quoting Jeanne, “La bactériologie et la profession médicale,”
Concours Médicale
4, no. 5 (1895): 205.

144  
By the year 1900:
Pasteur Institute Web site,
http://www.pasteurfoundation.org/historic.shtml
.

144  
the institute’s purposes were:
Debré,
Louis Pasteur,
467.

145–46
“Dr. von Frisch…has not succeeded”:
Ibid., 460.

146  
“How difficult it is to obtain”:
Vallery-Radot,
Life of Pasteur,
433.

146  
“Pasteur continues to be fairly well”:
Debré,
Louis Pasteur,
494.

146  
“Our only consolation, as we feel”:
Vallery-Radot,
Life of Pasteur,
439.

152  
it was proved beyond doubt that this pathogen:
Dave Mosher, “Black Death’s Daddy Was the Bubonic Plague,”
Wired Science,
Oct. 8, 2010.

152  
But throughout 1918, during the height of the epidemic:
Alfred W. Crosby,
America’s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 296–97.

152  
reported its toll in stark terms:
J. S. Koen, “A Practical Method for Field Diagnosis of Swine Diseases,”
American Journal of Veterinary Medicine
14 (1919): 469–70.

153  
“I believe I have as much to support this diagnosis”:
Ibid., 470.

153  
“a peroration…worthy of Luther”:
Crosby,
America’s Forgotten Pandemic,
297–98.

154  
some pathbreaking research on distemper:
George Dunkin and Patrick Laidlaw, “Dog Distemper in the Ferret,”
Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics
39 (1926): 201–12.

154  
In 1933 they succeeded, isolating a virus:
Gina Kolata,
Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999), 75.

154  
That same year Shope:
Ibid., 76.

154  
“the virus of swine influenza is really the virus”:
Patrick Laidlaw, “Epidemic Influenza: A Virus Disease,”
Lancet,
May 11, 1935, 1118–24.

155  
a report from late in that decade:
George A. Denison and J. D. Dowling, “Rabies in Birmingham, Alabama,”
JAMA,
July 29, 1939, 390–95.

155  
more than 250 deaths were logged:
Ibid.

157  
as the Hurston scholar Robert Haas points out:
Robert Haas, “Might Zora Neale Hurston’s Janie Woods Be Dying of Rabies? Considerations from Historical Medicine,”
Literature and Medicine
19, no. 2 (Fall 2000): 209, 211–18.

157  
Hurston’s brother and first husband:
Ibid., 209–11.

157  
a more intriguing and ultimately more plausible:
Robert Haas, “
The Story of Louis Pasteur
and the Making of Zora Neale Hurston’s
Their Eyes Were Watching God:
A Famous Film Influencing a Famous Novel?”
Literature/Film Quarterly
32, no. 1 (2004): 12–19.

158  
“Somehow, I talked my mother into taking me”:
Stanley Wiater, Matthew R. Bradley, and Paul Stuve, eds.,
The Twilight and Other Zones: The Dark Worlds of Richard Matheson
(New York: Citadel Press/Kensington, 2009), 12.

158  
“Those were very bad years”:
Douglas Winter,
Faces of Fear: Encounters with the Creators of Modern Horror
(New York: Berkley Books, 1985), 28.

160  
has been appropriated by American fiction:
See W. B. Seabrook,
The Magic Island
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1929).

160  
“Anubis”:
Paul Gagne,
The Zombies That Ate Pittsburgh
(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1987), 24.

160  
“basically ripped off” Matheson’s vision:
Joe Kane,
Night of the Living Dead
(New York: Kensington, 2010), 22.

160  
pooled six hundred dollars apiece:
Gagne,
Zombies That Ate Pittsburgh,
21, 29–32.

161  
“the post-millennial ghoul of the moment”:
Warren St. John, “Market for Zombies? It’s Undead (Aaahhh!)”
New York Times,
March 26, 2006.

161  
The sci-fi blog
io9.com
made a chart:
http://io9.com/5070243/
.

161  
zombie booms correlated with Republican rule:
Peter Rowe, “With Obama Election Comes the Return of the Vampire,”
San Diego Union-Tribune,
November 8, 2008.

162–63
The film’s director, Danny Boyle, says:
Matthew Hays, “Return of the Killer Zombies!”
Mirror
(Montreal), June 26, 2003.

162n
“Continue the termination. Don’t stop believing”:
Chuck Klosterman, “How Modern Life Is Like a Zombie Onslaught,”
New York Times
, December 3, 2010.

164  
Late one summer morning in 1953:
Homer D. Venters et al., “Rabies in Bats in Florida,”
American Journal of Public Health
44, no. 2 (1954): 182–85.

164  
he remembered something he had read:
St. Petersburg Times,
July 31, 1960.

164  
Beginning in 1906, ranches in southern Brazil:
Paul W. Clough, “Rabies in Bats,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
42, no. 6 (1955): 1330–34.

165  
In 1911, a São Paulo laboratory:
Aurelio Málaga-Alba, “Vampire Bat as a Carrier of Rabies,”
American Journal of Public Health
44, no. 7 (1954): 909–18.

165  
the scientific community in Brazil was convinced:
David Brown,
Vampiro: The Vampire Bat in Fact and Fantasy
(Silver City, N.M.: High-Lonesome Books, 1994), 72.

165  
tumbi baba
in Paraguay,
rabia paresiante
in Argentina:
Málaga-Alba, “Vampire Bat as a Carrier of Rabies.”

165  
devastation brought by aerial assault:
Victor Carneiro, “Transmission of Rabies by Bats in Latin America,”
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
10 (1954): 775–80.

165  
The first human deaths attributed to rabies:
Holman E. Williams, “Bat Transmitted Paralytic Rabies in Trinidad,”
Canadian Veterinary Journal
1, no. 1 (1960): 20–24.

165  
Since dog rabies had been eliminated:
Carneiro, “Transmission of Rabies by Bats in Latin America.”

165  
In the three decades that followed, eighty-nine humans:
Williams, “Bat Transmitted Paralytic Rabies in Trinidad.”

165  
In 1951, a Mexican man, prior to succumbing:
Málaga-Alba, “Vampire Bat as a Carrier of Rabies.”

166  
By the end of 1965, infected bats:
George M. Baer and Devil Bill Adams, “Rabies in Insectivorous Bats in the United States, 1953–65,”
Public Health Reports
85, no. 7 (1970): 637–46.

166  
today, only Hawaii’s bats are rabies-free:
Catherine Brown et al., “Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control,”
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
239, no. 5 (2011): 609–18.

166  
Bat bites are now the cause:
Web site of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

166  
anyone who awakens with a bat:
Ibid.

166  
a letter to the
Lancet
in 1983:
Jane Teas, “Could AIDS Agent Be a New Variant of African Swine Fever Virus?” (letter),
Lancet
321, no. 8330 (1983): 923.

167  
In late 1984, a research team at Harvard:
Mirko Grmek,
History of AIDS: Emergence and Origin of a Modern Pandemic
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990), 80–81.

167  
A short June 1987 letter to the
Lancet
:
F. Noireau, “HIV Transmission from Monkey to Man” (letter),
Lancet
329, no. 8548 (1987), 1498–99.

167  
The following month Abraham Karpas:
Abraham Karpas, “Origin of the AIDS Virus Explained?”
New Scientist,
July 16, 1987.

168  
One AIDS researcher interviewed teens:
Diane Goldstein,
Once Upon a Virus: AIDS Legends and Vernacular Risk Perception
(Logan: Utah State University Press, 2004), 85.

168  
“The first one I heard was about a sailor”:
Ibid., 86.

168  
in Scotland, a focus group convened:
Jenny Kitzinger and David Miller, “‘African AIDS’: The Media and Audience Beliefs,” in
AIDS: Rights, Risk, and Reason,
ed. Peter Aggleton, Peter Davies, and Graham Hart (London: Falmer Press, 1992), 40–41.

169  
In 1990, an AIDS reearcher in Punta Gorda:
Stephanie Kane,
AIDS Alibis: Sex, Drugs, and Crime in the Americas
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998), 55.

169  
In their version, which has circulated:
Heike Behrend, “The Rise of Occult Powers, AIDS, and the Roman Catholic Church in Western Uganda,” in
AIDS and Religious Practice in Africa,
ed. Felicitas Becker and P. Wenzel Geissler (Boston: Brill, 2009), 36n9.

169  
traced this myth back to a 1991 story:
Sunday Mail
(Harare), Sept. 29, 1991, quoted in Alexander Rödlach,
Witches, Westerners, and HIV: AIDS and Cultures of Blame in Africa
(Walnut Creek, Calif.: Left Coast Press, 2006), 160–61.

170  
In some African countries, the white man:
Behrend, “Rise of Occult Powers,” 36n9.

171  
Just before the tunnel opened, one poll:
Julian Barnes,
Letters from London
(New York: Vintage, 1995), 288.

171  
in an earlier survey, carried out:
New York Times,
Dec. 26, 1985.

171  
“The Channel Tunnel is a violation”:
Eve Darian-Smith,
Bridging Divides: The Channel Tunnel and English Legal Identity in the New Europe
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 149.

171  
“the blessing of insularity,” one member:
Ibid., 147.

172  
“The commercial began sedately”:
S. J. Taylor,
Shock! Horror! The Tabloids in Action
(London: Corgi, 1992), 34–35.

174  
security fences with animal-proof mesh:
Darian-Smith,
Bridging Divides,
146–48.

174  
its PR handlers revealed to the media:
New York Times,
Feb. 17, 1994.

174  
“as if lining up behind Mitterrand”:
Barnes,
Letters from London,
287–88.

175  
most recent rabid animal to be unwittingly imported:
BBC News, April 26, 2008.

175  
more than ninety Americans contracted in 2003:
Donald G. McNeil Jr., “Monkeypox Cases Surge in Rural Areas as Price of the Victory over Smallpox,”
New York Times
, Aug. 30, 2010.

175  
a survey of 122 human cases in Bangladesh:
Stephen Luby et al., “Recurrent Zoonotic Transmission of Nipah Virus into Humans, Bangladesh, 2001–2007,”
Emerging Infectious Diseases
15, no. 8 (2009).

176  
In Afghanistan, the nation’s lone pig:
Reuters, April 30, 2009.

176  
Tunisia went sofar as to ban:
News24, Oct. 6, 2009.

176  
among newspaper cartoonists in Muslim countries:
Anti-Defamation League, “Arab Cartoonists Use Swine Flu Theme to Mock Israeli Leaders,”
Jewish State,
May 22, 2009.

176  
an Egyptian cleric, Sheikh Ali Osman:
“Fatwa in Egypt: Source of Pigs Is Jews,”
Al Bawaba,
May 11, 2009.

177  
Video footage shows workers:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LYB4sDKh3FI
.

177  
Other amateur footage showed pigs brained:
Michael Slackman, “Cleaning Cairo, but Taking a Livelihood,”
New York Times,
May 25, 2009.