Russia Against Napoleon (96 page)

73 S. I. Maevskii, ‘Moi vek ili istoriia generala Maevskago, 1779–1848’,
RS
, 8, 1873, pp. 135–67, at p. 143.

74 ‘Iz vospominanii Akinfova’, in Kharkevich (ed.), 1812
god
, vol. 1, pp. 205–12. Maevskii, ‘Moi vek’, pp. 143–4.

75 The most up-to-date surveys are, as usual, in
Entsiklopediia
: see especially the pieces on Moscow (pp. 476–9) and the fire (pp. 482–4). For the figure on private property destroyed, see Bogdanovich,
Istoriia
…1812
goda
, vol. 3, p. 28. For the evacuation of the wounded, see Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii,
Memuary
1814–1815, SPB, 2001, p. 189, for a subsequent conversation with Wylie. Also S. Gavrilov,
Organizatsiia i snabzheniia russkoi armii nakanune i v khode otechestvennoi voiny
1812
g. i zagranichnykh pokhodov
1813–1815
gg.: Istoricheskie aspekty
, SPB, 2003, pp. 143–4.

76 On the barges, see the records of the post-war inquiry in
Kutuzov
, vol. 4ii,
prilozhenie
no. 20, pp. 717–18.

77 As always, A. I. Popov,
Velikaia armiia v Rossii: Pogonia za mirazhom
, Samara, 2002, pp. 178 ff., has an excellent discussion of these issues.

78 V. N. Speranskii,
Voenno-ekonomicheskaia podgotovka Rossii k bor’be s Napoleonom v
1812–1814
godakh
, candidate’s dissertation, Gorky, 1967, pp. 386–8.
Kutuzov
, vol. 4i, no. 294, Kutuzov to Voronov, 7 Sept. 1812 (OS), p. 250.

Chapter 7: The Home Front in
1812

1 P. A. Chuikevich, ‘Analiticheskii proekt voennykh deistvii v 1812. P. A. Chuikevicha’,
Rossiiskii Arkhiv
, 7, 1996, p. 46. S. N. Golubeva (ed.),
General Bagration: Sbornik dokumentov i materialov
, Moscow, 1945, no. 57, ‘Plan kampanii 1812 goda, predstavlennyi P. I. Bagrationom Aleksandru I’, pp. 130–38. Janet Hartley provides a very useful survey of Russian society’s resistance to Napoleon in ‘Russia and Napoleon: State, Society and the Nation’, in M. Rowe (ed.),
Collaboration and Resistance in Napoleonic Europe
, Basingstoke, 2003, pp. 186–202.

2 N. Shil’der,
Imperator Aleksandr Pervyi: Ego zhizn’ i tsarstvovanie
, 4 vols., SPB, 1897, vol. 3, pp. 100–103.

3
MVUA
1812, 17, Barclay to Asch, 21 July 1812 (OS), pp. 157–8.

4 L. G. Beskrovnyi (ed.),
Narodnoe opolchenie v otechestvennoi voine
1812
goda: Sbornik dokumentov
, Moscow, 1962, no. 2, 6 July 1812 (OS), pp. 14–15.

5 The statistics come from Beskrovnyi (ed.),
Narodnoe opolchenie
, no. 205, pp. 218–19: these are the final reports of Lieutenant-General Tyrtov, the commander of the Tver militia. C. F. Adams (ed.),
John Quincy Adams in Russia
, New York, 1970, p. 452.

6 The outstanding work on Russian popular (and other) resistance to Napoleon is A. I. Popov,
Velikaia armiia v Rossii: Pogonia za mirazhom
, Samara, 2002. Popov also contributed many excellent articles, on ‘People’s War’, peasant disturbances, partisans and adjacent topics, to
Entsiklopediia
. There are parallels here with Spain, where Charles Esdaile shows that many of the guerrillas were regular cavalrymen. The Russian case was much more clear-cut, however, as one would expect. Unlike in Spain, the Russian state had not collapsed. See Charles Esdaile,
Fighting Napoleon: Guerrillas, Bandits and Adventurers in Spain
1808–14, London, 2004.

7 Beskrovnyi,
Narodnoe opolchenie
, no. 140, Kutuzov to Alexander, 23 Oct. 1812 (OS), pp. 155–6; see e.g. no. 89, pp. 113–17, and no. 121, p. 142, for descriptions of individual actions.

8 Popov,
Velikaia armiia
, pp. 185–229. A. G. Tartakovskii (ed.),
Voennye dnevniki
, Moscow, 1990, diary of Prince D. M. Volkonsky, p. 146. For an older but still useful view of peasant disturbances, see V. I. Semevskii, ‘Volneniia krest’ian v 1812 gi. sviazannyia s otechestvennoi voinoi’, in A. K. Dzhivelegov, S. P. Melgunov and P. I. Pichet (eds.),
Otechestvennaia voina i russkoe obshchestvo
, 7 vols., Moscow, 1911, vol. 5, pp. 74–113.

9 See the many interesting documents in RGVIA, Fond 1, Opis 1ii, Delo 2584: ‘O vozmushcheniiakh krest’ian i ob usilenii sredstv k poimke beglykh rekrut, dezertirov i kazakov’: fos. 41–2: d’Auvray to Gorchakov, 1 Nov. 1812 (OS), describes the rout of the dragoons, and fo. 35: Wittgenstein to Gorchakov, 6 Nov. 1812 (OS), explains why military operations have to come first.

10
SIM
, 2, no. 312, Alexander to Gorchakov, 9 Nov. 1812 (OS), pp. 171–2.

11 There is an immense literature on Moscow in 1812 with many interesting materials contained, for example, in the multi-volume series compiled by P. I. Shchukin:
Bumagi otnosiashchiiasia do otechestvennoi voiny
1812
goda
, Moscow, 1897–1908. N. Dubrovin (ed.),
Otechestvennaia voina v pis’makh sovremennikov
, Moscow, 2006, contains a number of Rostopchin’s letters to Balashev: see in particular nos. 55 and 62, 23 July and 30 July 1812 (OS), pp. 60–63, 70–71. English-speaking readers need to look no further than an excellent article by Alexander Martin, ‘The Response of the Population of Moscow to the Napoleonic Occupation of 1812’, in Eric Lohr and Marshall Poe (eds.),
The Military and Society in Russia,
1450–1917, Leiden, 2002, pp. 469–89.

12 Dubrovin,
Otechestvennaia voina
, no. 47, 15 July 1812 (OS), pp. 54–6. Shil’der,
Imperator Aleksandr
, vol. 3, p. 90. L. V. Mel’nikova,
Armiia i pravoslavnaia tserkov’ Rossiiskoi imperii v epokhu Napoleonovskikh voin
, Moscow, 2007, pp. 57–90, 100–115.

13
PSZ
, 22, 16187, 21 April 1785 (OS), p. 348.

14 Compare for example the language of Alexander’s decree to Governor Suponev of Vladimir with Suponev’s own subsequent reference to the emperor’s ‘commands’: RGVIA, Fond 125, Opis 1, Delo 16, fos. 21, 23–8: Suponev to Lobanov-Rostovsky, 11 June 1812 (OS), and Alexander to Suponev, 13 May 1812 (OS). As regards service in the militia and its evasion, see e.g. N. F. Khovanskii,
Uchastie Saratovskoi gubernii v otechestvennoi voine
1812
g.
, Saratov, 1912, pp. 41–64; I. I. Prokhodtsev,
Riazanskaia guberniia v
1812
godu
, Riazan, 1913, pp. 277–528.

15 See the memoirs of Countess Edling, reprinted in A. Libermann (ed.),
Derzhavnyi sfinks
, Moscow, 1999: ‘Grafinia Roksandra Skarlatovna Edling: Zapiski’, pp. 157–236, at pp. 174–5. On sabotaging the estate tax, see e.g. Prokhodtsev,
Riazanskaia
, pp. 8–21.

16 ‘V. V. Viazemskii: Zhurnal 1812 g.’, in
Russkie dnevniki:
1812
god
, Moscow, 1990, pp. 185–225, at p. 211.

17 Khovanskii,
Uchastie
, pp. 31–3.

18
Upravlenie General-Intendanta Kankrina: General’nyi sokrashchennyi otchet po armiiam…za pokhody protiv Frantsuzov, 1812, 1813 i 1814 godov
, Warsaw, 1815, pp. 11, 44. L. G. Beskrovnyi,
Otechestvennaia voina
1812
goda
, Moscow, 1962, pp. 245–7. S. Gavrilov,
Organizatsiia i snabzheniia russkoi armii nakanune i v khode otechestvennoi voiny
1812
g. i zagranichnykh pokhodov
1813–1815
gg.: Istoricheskie aspekty
, SPB, 2003, p. 121.

19 V. V. Tivanov,
Finansy russkoi armii
, Moscow, 1993, p. 79.

20
PSZ
, 32, nos. 24975 and 25035, 27 Jan. and 13 March 1812 (OS), pp. 43–164 and 228–9.
Upravlenie General-Intendanta
, p. 134.
Kutuzov
, vol. 4i, no. 387, Kutuzov to Kaverin, 13 Sept. 1812 (OS), p. 305: the same letter went to the governors of Riazan, Orel, Tver and Tula.

21 The estimate is by Tivanov,
Finansy
, p. 66, but is based on the discussion in M. I. Bogdanovich,
Istoriia otechestvennoi voiny
1812
goda
, 3 vols., SPB, 1859–60, vol. 2, pp. 31–90.

22 The key documents for Kleinmichel’s operation are in
SIM
, 1, no. 3, Alexander to Gorchakov, 27 June 1812 (OS), pp. 5–11; no. 9, Alexander to Kleinmichel, 27 June 1812 (OS), pp. 14–15; no. 21, Alexander to Kleinmichel, 6 July 1812 (OS), pp. 23–4. There is a fine new book on the Russian marines which includes extensive coverage of the Napoleonic era: A. Kibovskii and O. Leonov, 300
let Rossiiskoi morskoi pekhoty
, Moscow, 2007.

23 RGVIA, Fond 125, Opis 1/188a, Delo 16, e.g. fos. 18–19, Suponev to Lobanov, 6 June 1812 (OS); fo. 21, Suponev to Lobanov, 11 June 1812 (OS); fos. 23–8, copies of Alexander’s orders to Suponev, dated 13 May 1812 (OS). See Prokhodtsev,
Riazanskaia
, p. 168, for a list of these provinces.

24 RGVIA, Fond 125, Opis 1/188a, Delo 16, fos. 2–3, Pasynkov to Lobanov, 18 June 1812 (OS); fos. 90–91, Shter to Lobanov, 6 July 1812 (OS).

25 RGVIA, Fond 125, Opis 188a, Delo 16, fos. 6–7, Pasynkov to Lobanov, 23 July 1812 (OS); fos. 100–101, Shter to Lobanov, 18 July 1812 (OS).

26 RGVIA, Fond 125, Opis 1/188a, Delo 16, fos. 6–7, Pasynkov to Lobanov, 23 July 1812 (OS); fos. 284–5, Prince Grigorii Golitsyn to Lobanov, 9 July 1812 (OS).
RA
, 6, 1866, pp. 922–7: ‘Avtobiograficheskie zametki Grafa Arakcheeva’.

27 Prokhodtsev,
Riazanskaia
, pp. 174–82, 210–22;
Entsiklopediia
, p. 297.

28 RGVIA, Fond 125, Opis 1/188a, Delo 16, fos. 92–3, Shter to Balashev, 24 June 1812 (OS); Delo 19, fos. 77–81, Urusov to Lobanov, 23 July 1812 (OS). Prokhodtsev,
Riazanskaia
, p. 188.

29 RGVIA, Fond 125, Opis 1/188a, Delo 16, fos.

29 and 32, Dolgorukov to Lobanov, 6 Aug. and 3 Sept. 1812 (OS).

30 RGVIA, Fond 125, Opis 1/188a, Delo 19, fos. 2–4, Gorchakov to Lobanov, 20 Aug. 1812 (OS); fos. 134–40, ‘Spisok o vsekh shtab i ober ofitserakh postupivshikh na sluzhbu’.

31
Kutuzov
, vol 4ii, Kutuzov to Alexander, 9 October 1812 (OS), pp. 62–3. Prokhodtsev,
Riazanskaia
, pp. 224–7. RGVIA, Fond 125, Opis 1/188a, Delo 16, fos. 100–101, Shter to Lobanov, 18 July 1812 (OS).

32 Beskrovnyi,
Narodnoe opolchenie
, no. 3, 18 July 1812 (OS), pp. 15–16, is the text of this manifesto.

33 The statistic comes from an article by V. I. Babkin, the leading Soviet-era expert on the militia: ‘Organizatsiia i voennye deistviia narodnogo opolcheniia v otechestvennoi voine 1812 goda’, in
K stopiatidesiatiletiiu otechestvennoi voiny
, Moscow, 1962, pp. 134–62, at p. 145.

34 Beskrovnyi,
Narodnoe opolchenie
, no. 117, pp. 137–9: regulations of the Kaluga militia committee, 25 July 1812 (OS).

35 Prokhodtsev,
Riazanskaia
, p. 228. A few of these men did receive new uniforms produced abroad: see Ch. 10. The minister added that even in wartime not all wool could be assigned for uniforms.

36 Beskrovnyi,
Narodnoe opolchenie
, no. 354, Tolstoy to Alexander, 28 Sept. 1812 (OS), p. 368.

37 Bogdanovich,
Istoriia
…1812
goda
, vol. 2, p. 56.

38 Apart from Babkin and Bezotosnyi, the fullest source on the militia is the many volumes compiled by V. R. Apukhtin for the centenary of 1812: see e.g.
Narodnaia voennaia sila: Dvorianskiia opolcheniia v otechestvennoi voine
, Moscow, 1912. Apukhtin is as determined to sing the nobles’ glory as Babkin is to downplay their contribution. Prokhodtsev,
Riazanskaia
, pp. 229–621, is an immensely informative study of the Riazan militia.

39 Speranskii,
Voenno-ekonomicheskaia podgotovka
, pp. 381, 392, 407–23.
Kutuzov
, vol. 4i, no. 18: memorandum by Müller-Zakomel’sky, 10 July 1812 (OS), p. 20.