Russia Against Napoleon (99 page)

10 ‘Perepiska markviza Paulushi s imperatorom Aleksandrom, prusskim generalom Iorka i drugimi litsami’, in K. Voenskii (ed.),
Akty, dokumenty i materialy dlia istorii
1812
goda
, 2 vols., SPB, 1910–11, vol. 2, pp. 330–443.

11 See F. Martens (ed.),
Sobranie traktatov i konventsii, zakliuchennykh Rossiei s inostrannymi derzhavami
, vol. 7:
Traktaty s Germaniei
1811–1824, SPB, 1885, no. 254, pp. 40–62.

12 See F. Reboul,
Campagne de 1813: Les préliminaires
, 2 vols., Paris, 1910, vol. 1, pp. 194–6, on Yorck’s numbers.

13 See Paulucci’s letter to Alexander I of 27 Dec. 1812 (OS), in Voenskii,
Akty
, vol. 2, pp. 400–402, and Wittgenstein’s angry letter to Chichagov about Paulucci’s idiotic behaviour:
MVUA
1813, vol. 2, no. 24, Wittgenstein to Chichagov, 4 Jan. 1813 (OS).

14 Beskrovnyi (ed.),
Pokhod
, no. 16, pp. 14–15.

15 Ibid., no. 7, 6/18 Dec. 1812, pp. 6–8, and no. 53, 25 Jan./6 Feb. 1813, for two important memorandums by Stein to Kutuzov about feeding the Russian troops and utilizing the Prussian administration.

16 There are any number of documents to this effect, but see e.g. Wittgenstein’s report to Kutuzov of 31 Dec. 1812/12 Jan. 1813 (Beskrovnyi (ed.),
Pokhod
, no. 21, pp. 19–20) in which he states that the troops’ behaviour in Königsberg had been exemplary and the local population had greeted them as liberators and was providing food through local Prussian officials in the manner prescribed by Kutuzov’s orders.

17 E. Botzenhart (ed.),
Freiherr vom Stein: Briefwechsel, Denkschriften und Aufzeichnungen
, 8 vols., Berlin, 1957–70, vol. 4, Stein to Alexander I, 27 Feb./11 March 1813, pp. 234–6.

18 The discussion of Frederick William’s attitudes and policies in the following paragraphs owes much to T. Stamm-Kuhlmann,
König in Preussens grosser Zeit
, Berlin, 1992, pp. 365 ff.

19 W. Oncken,
Österreich und Preussen in Befreiungskriege
, 2 vols, Berlin, 1878: the discussion of the Knesebeck mission is in vol. 1, pp. 137–56, with the Knesebeck quotation on p. 166.

20 Beskrovnyi (ed.),
Pokhod
, no. 33, 10/22 Jan. 1813, Chernyshev to Kutuzov, pp. 31–3.

21 Ibid., no. 48, 22 Jan./3 Feb. 1813, Chernyshev to Kutuzov, pp. 43–4.

22 On the battle on the Warthe, see Chernyshev’s journal: RGVIA, Fond 846, Opis 16, Delo 3386, fos. 6ii–7i, and his report to Wittgenstein of 31 Jan./11 Feb. 1813 in RGVIA, Fond 846, Opis 16, Delo 3905, fo. 2ii; on Benckendorff, see Beskrovnyi (ed.),
Pokhod
, no. 80, 15/27 Feb. 1813, Wittgenstein to Kutuzov, pp. 80–81.

23 See e.g. Reboul,
Campagne de
1813, vol. 2, ch. 5, and Gouvion Saint-Cyr,
Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire militaire sous le Directoire, le Consulat et l’Empire
, vol. 4, Paris, 1831, ch. 1.

24 RGVIA, Fond 846, Opis 16, Delo 3386, fo. 8.

25 See e.g. reports by Benckendorff to Repnin of 22 Feb. (10 Feb. OS) and of Chernyshev to Wittgenstein on the previous day: RGVIA, Fond 846, Opis 16, Delo 3905, fo. 8ii; Beskrovnyi (ed.),
Pokhod
, no. 86, 20 Feb./4 March 1813, Wittgenstein to Kutuzov, p. 89.

26 RGVIA, Fond 846, Opis 16, Delo 3416, fos. 1–2.

27 A. G. Tartakovskii (ed.),
Voennye dnevniki
, Moscow, 1990: A. I. Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii, pp. 319–20.

28 On the treaty, see Martens,
Sobranie traktatov
, vol. 7, pp. 62–82. For Stein’s views on Poland, see Botzenhart,
Stein
, vol. 4, Stein to Münster, 7/19 Nov. 1812, pp. 160–62.

29 Oncken,
Österreich
, vol. 1, pp. 359–60; vol. 2, p. 287.
VPR
, no. 50, Nesselrode to Stackelberg, 17/29 March 1813, pp. 118–22. Beskrovnyi (ed.),
Pokhod
, no. 131, Kutuzov to Winzengerode, 24 March/5 April 1813, p. 132.

30 The fullest source on Austrian policy remains Oncken’s two volumes,
Österreich und Preussen
. Apart from general works on the diplomacy of the period already cited, see E. K. Kraehe,
Metternich’s German Policy
, vol. 1:
The Contest with Napoleon
1799–1814, Princeton, 1963, and the essays in A. Drabek
et al
. (eds.),
Russland und Österreich zur Zeit der Napoleonischen Kriege
, Vienna, 1989.

31 Oncken,
Österreich
, vol. 1, p. 423: no. 19, Instructions for Lebzeltern, 8 Feb. 1813; vol. 2, pp. 323–4, conversation with Count Hardenberg, 30 May 1813. On military preparations, see the first two volumes of
Geschichte der Kämpfe Österreichs: Kriege unter der Regierung des Kaisers Franz, Befreiungskrieg
1813
und
1814, vol. 1: O. Criste,
Österreichs Beitritt zur Koalition
, Vienna, 1913; vol. 2: W. Wlaschutz,
Österreichs entscheidendes Machtaufgebot
, Vienna, 1913.

32 Count A. de Nesselrode (ed.),
Lettres et papiers du Chancelier Comte de Nesselrode
1760–1850, Paris, n.d., vol. 5, e.g. Gentz to Nesselrode, 16 Jan. 1813, pp. 12–21; 28 Jan. 1813, pp. 27–31; 10 March 1813, pp. 35–44; 12 March 1813, pp. 44–7; 17 March 1813, pp. 48–51; 18 March 1813, pp. 51–5; Nesselrode to Gentz, 14/26 March 1813, pp. 58–60; Gentz to Nesselrode, 11 April 1813, pp. 64–70; 16 April 1813, pp. 70–78; 2 May 1813, pp. 83–90; 16 May 1813, pp. 96–101; 13 June 1813, pp. 104–7; 23 July 1813, pp. 122–4.

On Gentz’s position in Vienna, see Helmut Rumpler,
Österreichische Geschichte
1804– 1914, Vienna, 1997, pp. 78–80.

33 Most of the later negotiations were conducted by Fabian von der Osten-Sacken and the relevant documents are in his journal of outgoing correspondence: RGVIA, Fond 846, Opis 16, Delo 3403. The Austrians passed on considerable information about Polish movements. The text of the original armistice is in Martens,
Sobranie traktatov
, vol. 3, no. 67, pp. 70–91. Subsequent agreements are in
VPR
, 7, p. 118, and no. 74, pp. 184–5.

34
Kutuzov
, vol. 5, no. 320, Order of the Day, 16 Feb. 1813 (OS), pp. 282–4. N.S. Pestreikov,
Istoriia, leib-gvardii Moskovskago polka
, SPB, 1903, vol. 1, pp. 115–19.

35 Pestreikov,
Istoriia
, vol. 1, p. 115; on the Kexholm Regiment, see B. Adamovich,
Sbornik voenno-istoricheskikh materialov leib-gvardii Keksgol’mskago imperatora Avstriiskago polka
, vol. 3, SPB, 1910, p. 300.

36 On the Iaroslavl Regiment, see RGVIA, Fond 489, Opis 1, Delo 1098, fos. 46–71.

37 Beskrovnyi (ed.),
Pokhod
, no. 59, Tettenborn to Alexander, 31 Jan. 1813, pp. 54–6. For his reports to Wittgenstein, see RGVIA, Fond 846, Opis 16, Delo 3905: the two reports cited are Tettenborn to Wittgenstein, 9 March 1813 (OS) (fos. 22ii–23i) and 11 March 1813 (OS) (fos. 24ii–25i).

38 Londonderry,
Narrative
, p. 63.

39 J. von Pflugk-Harttung,
Das Befreiungsjahr 1813: Aus dem Geheimen Staatsarchivs
, Berlin, 1913, no. 136, conversation of Bernadotte with Pozzo and Suchtelen, June 1813, pp. 175–7.

40 R. von Friederich,
Die Befreiungskriege
1813–1815, vol. 1:
Der Frühjahrsfeldzug
1813, Berlin, 1911, pp. 196–7; C. Rousset,
La Grande Armée de
1813, Paris, 1871, pp. 96–7; A. Vallon,
Cours d’hippologie
, 2 vols., Paris, 1863, vol. 2, p. 473. I am grateful to Professor Thierry Lentz for bringing Vallon’s work to my attention.

41 A. Uffindell,
Napoleon’s Immortals
, Stroud, 2007, pp. 76, 88–90.

42 The two key sources here are Rousset,
Grande Armée
, chs. I–XII; Friederich,
Frühjahrsfeldzug
, pp. 162–80. Friederich states that Napoleon withdrew about 40,000 veterans from Spain: Scott Bowden writes that ‘the Army of Spain immediately provided 20,000 proven veterans for Napoleon’s new
Grande Armée
’, so the difference between the figures may be a question of the precise period involved. S. Bowden,
Napoleon’s Grande Armée of
1813, Chicago, 1990, p. 29.

43
Mémoires de Langeron, Général d’Infanterie dans l’Armée Russe: Campagnes de 1812, 1813 1814
, Paris, 1902, p. 190.

44 Beskrovnyi (ed.),
Pokhod
, no. 141, Kutuzov to Golenishchev-Kutuzov, 28 March/9 April 1813, p. 142.

45 Ibid., no. 131, Kutuzov to Winzengerode, 24 March/5 April 1813, p. 132.

46 Tartakovskii,
Voennye dnevniki
, p. 329: this is an extract from Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky’s diary for 1813. Beskrovnyi (ed.),
Pokhod
, no. 105, Kutuzov to Wittgenstein, 8/20 March 1813, pp. 107–8; no. 123, Kutuzov to Wittgenstein, 17/29 March 1813, pp. 125–6; no. 94, Wittgenstein to Kutuzov, 26 Feb./10 March 1813, pp. 95–6; no. 150, Volkonsky to d’Auvray, 8/20 April 1813, pp. 151–2.

47 K. von Clausewitz,
Der Feldzug in Russland und die Befreiungskriege von
1813–15, Berlin, 1906, pp. 196–202.

48 Pflugk-Harttung,
Befreiungsjahr
, no. 82, Blücher to Wittgenstein,
c.
20 April 1813, pp. 106–7: no. 45, Scharnhorst to Volkonsky, 22 March 1813, pp. 62–5.

49 P. Pototskii,
Istoriia gvardeiskoi artillerii
, SPB, 1896, pp. 220–21.

50 I. Radozhitskii,
Pokhodnyia zapiski artillerista s
1812
po
1816
god
, 3 vols., Moscow, 1835, vol. 2, pp. 22–5.

51 S. G. Volkonskii,
Zapiski Sergeia Grigorovicha Volkonskogo (dekabrista)
, SPB, 1902, p. 232: there are many similar comments, e.g. by young staff officers, as a group the best educated men in the army.

52 Tartakovskii,
Voennye dnevniki
, pp. 333, 345.

53 Hon. George Cathcart,
Commentaries on the War in Russia and Germany in
1812
and
1813, London, 1850, pp. 122–30. J. P. Riley,
Napoleon and the World War of
1813, London, 2000, pp. 79–89 (the description of the villages is on p. 80).

54 Clausewitz,
Feldzug
, p. 209.

55 On this, see Botzenhart,
Stein
, vol. 4, memorandums and correspondence with Scharnhorst, Hardenberg and Nesselrode in April 1813, pp. 274–6, 289–90, 293–4, 299–300, 304–6.

56
VPR
, no. 102, Alexander to Bernadotte, 26 May/7 June 1813, pp. 238–42; Oncken,
Österreich
, vol. 2, no. 46, Stadion to Metternich, 3 June 1813, pp. 660–63.

57 Oncken,
Österreich
, vol. 2, nos. 33 and 34, Metternich to Lebzeltern, 29 April 1813, pp. 630–34.

58 Ibid., vol. 2, no. 38, Instructions for Stadion, 7 May 1813, pp. 640–44.

59 VPR, no. 80, Nesselrode to Alexander, 1/13 May 1813, pp. 196–7.

60 VPR, no. 101, Nesselrode to Alexander, 24 May/5 June 1813, pp. 236–7.

61 Langeron,
Mémoires
, pp. 169–78. Eugen,
Memoiren
, vol. 3, p. 39.

62 In addition to the basic texts already cited (Bogdanovich, Friederich, Chandler, Riley and Hofschroer), Baron Müffling’s memoirs are a vital source on this, but his figure of 5,000 for Barclay’s corps should be discounted since Langeron, who commanded this unit, states that 8,000 men were present that day: Baron Karl von Müffling,
The Memoirs of Baron von Müffling: A Prussian Officer in the Napoleonic Wars
, London, 1997, pp. 36–8.

63 Langeron,
Mémoires
, p. 189. Baron von Odeleben,
A Circumstantial Narrative of the Campaign in Saxony in the Year 1813
, 2 vols., London, 1820, vol. 1, p. 95.

64 Odeleben,
Narrative
, vol. 1, p. 103.