Sea of Slaughter (58 page)

Read Sea of Slaughter Online

Authors: Farley Mowat

Tags: #NAT011000

BOOK: Sea of Slaughter
13.25Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

There is no question as to what is afoot. When natural losses, the untallied collateral kill, and at least 150,000 killed annually in Greenland and Canadian Arctic waters are factored in, it seems certain that the death toll will suffice to bring about the effective extermination of the ice seals.

Will that bring back the cod and the salmon and all the rest of the vanished multitudes that once abounded in and around the Sea of Slaughter? Or will it simply add one more ghastly act of biocide to our bloody history?

Acknowledgements

This book has benefited greatly
fr
om the co-operation of the several scientists and specialists who have reviewed it. However, I have not always accepted their emendations or criticisms and must, in any case, remain solely responsible for any factual errors and for the interpretations I have placed upon events and circumstances.

My gratitude goes to: Dr. D.M. Lavigne, Associate Professor, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, for his painstaking and illuminating comments on the chapters dealing with seals and walrus; Dr. D.N. Nettleship, Seabird Research Unit, Canadian Wildlife Service, for his considerable assistance with the chapters dealing with seabirds; Dr. Edward Mitchell, Arctic Biological Station, for his criticisms and suggestions regarding the chapters on whales and porpoises; Dr. Steve Wendt, Chief, Populations and Survey Divisions, Migratory Birds Branch, Canadian Wildlife Service, who provided material assistance for the chapters on birds other than seabirds; Dr. Nick Novakowski, formerly of the Canadian Wildlife Service, for his comments on the chapters dealing with land mammals; Dr. D.J. Scarratt, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, for his review of the fish chapters; Mr. Steve Best, consultant to the International Fund for Animal Welfare, for information on the animal welfare movement.

My heartfelt thanks for what must often have seemed like a hopeless task go to those who helped put the book together: to Alan Cooke, formerly of the Scott Polar Institute, who directed the historical research program; to Ramsey Derry, who took on the formidable task of editing the book; to Mary Elliott, who typed its many versions; to Harold Horwood, Jack McClelland, and Peter Davison, who encouraged and advised me as I struggled through the most difficult book I have ever tried to write.

Select Bibliography

Because of space limitations, many of the scientific papers consulted have been omitted.

Adams, A.L.
Field Notes and Forest Rambles with Notes and Observations on the Natural History of Eastern Canada.
London: H.S. King, 1873.

Alexander, J.
Salmon Fishing in Canada, by a Resident.
London: Longman; Montreal: B. Davison and Son, 1860.

Allen, Elsa G. “Nicolas Denys, a Forgotten Observer of Birds.”
The Auk
36 (1919).

Allen, G.M. “Dogs of the American Aborigines.”
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
63 (1920).

———
.
Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Western Hemisphere with the Marine Mammals of All Oceans.
American Committee on International Wildlife Protection Special Publication 11 (1942).

Allen, J.A. “The Extinction of the Great Auk at the Funk Islands.”
American Naturalist
10 (1876): 48.

Allen, K.R. “A Note on Baleen Whale Stocks of the Northwest Atlantic.”
International Whaling Commission Report
20 (1970).

Allen, R.L.
A Life Table for Harp Seals
... International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (1974).

Allingham, E.G.
A Romance of the Rostrum.
London: H.F. and G. Witherby, 1924.

Anderson, R.M. “Catalogue of Canadian Recent Mammals.”
Bulletin of the National Museum of Canada
102 (1946).

Anspach, L.A.
A History of the Island of Newfoundland: Containing a Description of the Island, the Banks, the Fisheries, and Trade of Newfoundland, and the Coast of Labrador.
London: 1819.

Aubert de la Rue, E. “Le territoire de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, étude de géographie physique et humaine.”
Journal de la société d'américanistes
29 (1937): 239–372.

Audubon, J.J. “The Eggers of Labrador.”

———
.
Ornithological Biography.
6 vols. 1835.

Banfield, A.W.F. “The Distribution of Barren-ground Grizzly Bear in Northern Canada.”
Bulletin of the National Museum of Canada
166 (1961): 47–59.

———
.
The Mammals of Canada.
Toronto: 1977.

Banfield, A.W.F., and N.S. Novakowski. “The Survival of the Wood Bison... in the Northwest Territories.”
National Museum of Canada Natural History Papers
1 (1960): 8.

Bangs, O., “List of Mammals of Labrador.” Appendix IV of
Labrador, the Country and the People,
by W.T. Grenfell et al. New York: Macmillan, 1909.

Barbeau, Marius.
The Language of Canada in the Voyages of Jacques Cartier.
Ottawa: 1959.

Belanger, René.
Les basques dans l'estuaire du Saint-Laurent: 1535–1635.
Montreal: Les Press de l'université du Québec, 1971.

Benjaminsen, T. “On the Biology of the Bottlenose Whale.”
Norwegian Journal of Zoology
20 (1972).

Bent, Arthur Cleveland.
Life Histories of North American Birds of Prey.
Part 1. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Bulletin 167. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1937.

———
.
Life Histories of North American Birds of Prey.
Part 2. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Bulletin 170. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1938.

———
.
Life Histories of North American Diving Birds.
Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Bulletin 107, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1922.

———
.
Life Histories of North American Marsh Birds.
Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Bulletin 135. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1926.

———
.
Life Histories of North American Petrels and Pelicans and Their Allies.
Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Bulletin 121. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1922.

———
.
Life Histories of North American Shore Birds.
Part 1. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Bulletin 130. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1925.

———
.
Life Histories of North American Shore Birds.
Part 2. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Bulletin 146. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1929.

———
.
Life Histories of North American Wildfowl.
Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Bulletin 126. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1923.

———
“Notes from Labrador.”
Bird Lore
15 (1913): 11–15.

Biggar, H.P
. The Early Trading Companies of New France.
Toronto: University of Toronto, 1901.

Bishop, Morris.
White Men Came to the St. Lawrence.

Bollan, W.
The Importance and Advantage of Cape Breton.
1746.

Bonner, W. Nigel. “Man's Impact on Seals.”
Mammal Review
8 (1978).

Bourne, A.G. “Exploitation of Small Whales of the North Atlantic.”
Oryx
8 (1965).

Brodie, Paul F.
The Growth of the White Whale.
Government of the Northwest Territories, Department of Information: 1972.

Cabot, W.B.
Labrador.
Boston: Small, Maynard, 1920.

Cahalane, V.H.
Mammals of North America.
New York: Macmillan, 1947.

———
.
A Preliminary Study of Distribution and Numbers of Cougar, Grizzly and Wolf in North America.
New York Zoological Society, 1964.

Cameron, Austin W.
A Guide to Eastern Canadian Mammals.
Ottawa: National Museum of Canada, 1956.

———
. “Mammals of the Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.”
Bulletin of the National Museum of Canada
154 (1958).

Cartwright, G.
A Journal of Transactions and Events, During a Residence of Nearly Sixteen Years on the Coast of Labrador: Containing Many Interesting Particulars, Both of the Country and Its Inhabitants, Not Hitherto Known.
3 vols. London: Allen and Ridge, 1792.

Chafe, L.J.
Chafe's Sealing Book: A History of the Newfoundland Seal Fishery from the Earliest Available Records down to and Including the Voyage of 1923.
St. John's: Mosdell, 1923. Reprint, Newfoundland Fisheries Board, 1940.

Champlain, Samuel de.
Works.
6 vols. Edited by Biggar.

Chappel, E.
Narrative of a Voyage to Hudson's Bay.
London: 1817. Reprint, Coles Canadian Collection.

———
.
Voyage of His Majesty's Ship Rosamond to Newfoundland and the Southern Coast of Labrador.
London: Mawman, 1818.

Charlevoix, Pierre de.
Journal of a Voyage to North America.
1761. Reprint, Readex Microprint, 1966.

Chartraine, P., and J.Y. Cousteau. “Cousteau: ‘Plus de capelan, plus de baleines...' ”
L'actualité,
mars 1981.

Christensen, G. “The Stocks of Blue Whales in the Northern Atlantic.”
Norsk Hvalfangsttid
44 (1955): 307–15.

Clermont, Norman. “Le contrat avec les animaux bestiaire sélectif des Indiens nomades du Québec au moment du contact.”
Recherches amérindiennes au Québec
10, no. 1–2 (1980): 91–109.

Collard, Edgar Andrew. “Of Many Things... Buffalo Robes.”
Montreal Gazette,
10 May 1980, 2.

Collins, J.W. “Notes on the Habits and Methods of Capture of Various Species of Sea Birds that Occur on the Fishing Banks off the Eastern Coast of North America, and Which Are Used as Bait for Catching Codfish by New England Fishermen.”
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection
46, no. 22, 13 (1882): 311–38.

Comeau, Napoleon.
Life and Sport on the North Shore of the Lower St. Lawrence and Gulf
... Quebec: 1909, 1954.

Cormack, W.E. “Narrative of a Journey across the Island of Newfoundland in 1822.”
Edinburgh Philosophic Journal
10 (1823). In Bruton, 1928.

Cowan, Ian McTaggart. “Threatened Species of Mammals in North America.” In
Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Zoology,
edited by J.A. Moore. Vol. 8. Washington: 1964.

Crespel, M.
Travels in North America
... London: Sampson Low, 1797; Qu
e
bec: A. C
Ô
t
é
, 1884.

Dagg, Anne Innis.
Canadian Wildlife and Man.
Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974.

Davis, R.A., K.J. Finley, and W.J. Richardson. “The Present Status and Future Management of Arctic Marine Mammals in Canada.” Science Advisory Board of the N.W.T.
Report
3 (1980).

Dawson, S.E.
The Saint Lawrence.
New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1905.

Deane, R. “Audubon's Labrador Trip of 1833.”
The Auk
27 (1910): 42–52.

De Loture, R.
Histoire de la grande pêche de Terre-Neuve.
Paris: Gallimard, 1949. English translation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services,
Fisheries Special Scientific Report
213 (1949).

Denys, Nicolas.
Description géographique et historique des côtes d'Amérique septrionale avec l'histoire naturelle du pais
(Paris: 1672). Edited by W.F. Ganong. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1908.

Dey, Wendy. “The Great White Bear.”
Imperial Oil Review
2 (1976).

Diereville, Sieur de.
Relation of the Voyage to Port Royal in Acadia or New France.
Edited by Mr. and Mrs. C. Webster. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1933.

Du Creux, Father François.
The History of Canada or New France.

Dudley, P. “An Essay upon the Natural History of Whales with a Particular Account of the Ambergris Found in the Sperma Ceti Whale.”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,
ser. B, 33 (1725).

Dunbar, M.J., et al.
The Biogeographic Structure of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Durant, Mary, and Michael Harwood.
On the Road with John James Audubon.
New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980.

Duro, Cesareo Fernandez.
La pesca de los vascongados y el descumbrimiento de Terranova. Arca de Noe.
Vol. 6 of
Disquisiciones Nauticas.
Madrid: 1881.

Elson, Paul, and H.H.V. Hord.
Fisheries Fact Sheet: The Atlantic Salmon.
Ottawa: Fisheries and Environment Canada.

Elton, Charles S. “Further Evidence about the Barren-Ground Grizzly Bear in Northeast Labrador and Quebec.”
Journal of Mammalogy
35 (1954): 345–57.

———
. “Labrador Barren-Ground Grizzly Bear: State of the Evidence in 1976.”

Erskine, J.S. “The Archeology of Some Nova Scotian Indian Campsites.” Part 1.
Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science
27 (1970–71): 1–9.

Fisher, H.D
. Seals of the Canadian East Coast.
Fisheries Resource Board of Canada, 1950.

Fisher, J., and H.D. Vevers, “The Breeding, Distribution, History and Population of the North American Gannet.”
Journal of Animal Ecology
12 (1943): 173–213.

Fitzhugh, Bill. “Labrador Grizzly Bear.”
Kinatuinamot Illengajuk
(Nain) 1, 9 September 1976, 37.

Fowle, David C
. A Preliminary Report on the Effects of Phosphamidon on Bird Populations in Central New Brunswick.
Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series 16. Ottawa: Information Canada, 1972.

Gabarra, Abbé J.-B.
Anciens marins de Cap Breton.
1922.

Gagnon, François-Marc. “ ‘Gens du pays' ou ‘suiviages': Note sur les designations de l'indines chez Jacques Cartier.”
Recherches amérindiennes au Québec
10, no. 1–2 (1980).

Ganong, W.F. “The Identity of the Animals and Plants Mentioned by the Early Voyagers to Eastern Canada and Newfoundland.”
Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada
3 (1909): 107–242.

———
. “The Walrus in New Brunswick.”
Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick
5, no. 22, part 2 (1904).

Gilbertson, Michael, and Lincoln Reynolds.
A Summary of
DDT
and
PCB
in Canadian Birds, 1969–1972.
Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper 19. Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1974.

Gilpin, J. Bernard. “On the Seals of Nova Scotia.”
Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science for 1871–1874.
Vol. 2, part 4: 377–84.

———
. “The Walrus.”
Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science for 1867–1870.
Vol. 2: 8–10.

Godfrey, W.E. “Birds of Canada.”
Bulletin of the National Museum of Canada
203 (1966).

———
. “Rare or Endangered Canadian Birds.”
Canadian Field Naturalist
(January–February 1970).

Gosling, W.G.
Labrador, Its Discovery, Exploration and Development.
Toronto: Musson, 1910.

Greene, J. Orne. “September among the Game Birds of Miscou Island.”
Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick
5, no. 24, part 4 (1906): 553–58.

Greene, W.H.
The Wooden Walls among the Ice floes: Telling the Romance of the Newfoundland Seal Fishery.
London: Hutchinson, 1933.

Other books

Little Hands Clapping by Rhodes, Dan
Best Friends For Ever! by Chloe Ryder
Ghosts of James Bay by John Wilson
The God Project by John Saul
Blue Star Rapture by JAMES W. BENNETT
Love is for Ever by Barbara Rowan
What Once We Feared by Carrie Ryan
Geek High by Piper Banks