Secondary Schizophrenia (175 page)
Read Secondary Schizophrenia Online
Authors: Perminder S. Sachdev
cognitive features,
341
visual hallucinations (VH)
diagnosis/clinical features,
338–
9
drugs as cause of,
370
neurological symptoms,
339
fMRI study,
66
psychiatric symptoms,
339
Zisook, S.,
175
Document Outline
- Title
- Copyright
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Section 1 Introduction
- Chapter 1 Neurobiology and etiology of primary schizophrenia: current status
- Organic/functional versus the primary/secondary categorization: a historical perspective
- Schizophrenia as a quintessential “primary” psychotic disorder
- Is there brain dysfunction in schizophrenia? Evidence from the prominent cognitive and neurologic impairments
- How do neurocognitive alterations originate? Studies of brain function
- In which part of the brain can abnomalities be found? Structural brain imaging studies
- What is the neurochemical nature of the brain abnormalities in schizophrenia?
- What factors cause brain dysfunction? Genetic and environmental influences
- When does the illness develop? Schizophrenia as a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder
- Is there brain dysfunction in schizophrenia? Evidence from the prominent cognitive and neurologic impairments
- Investigating primary versus secondary schizophrenia
- Conclusions
- References
- Organic/functional versus the primary/secondary categorization: a historical perspective
- Chapter 2 The concept of organicity and its application to schizophrenia
- Chapter 3 Secondary hallucinations
- Introduction
- Epidemiology of hallucinations in the community
- Prevalence of hallucinations in psychiatric disorders
- Prevalence of hallucinations in organic disorders
- Secondary visual hallucinations
- Spectrum of visual perceptual disturbances
- Visual hallucinations in normal individuals
- Neurobiology of visual hallucinations
- Visual hallucinations in psychiatric disorders
- Visual hallucinations in neurological disorders
- Visual hallucinations in substance-related states
- Secondary auditory hallucinations: Spectrum of auditory perceptual disturbances
- Auditory hallucinations in psychiatric disorders: schizophrenia
- Auditory hallucinations in neurologic disorders
- Secondary olfactory and gustatory hallucinations
- Olfactory and gustatory hallucinations in psychiatric illness
- Olfactory and gustatory hallucinations in neurological disorders
- Secondary tactile hallucinations Tactile hallucinations in normal individuals
- Tactile hallucinations in psychiatric disorders
- Tactile hallucinations in neurological disorders
- Discussion
- References
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 Neurobiology and etiology of primary schizophrenia: current status
- Section 2 The neurology of schizophrenia
- Chapter 4 The neurologic examination in schizophrenia
- Introduction
- Review
- Reflexes
- Motor strength
- Cranial nerves
- Pupils
- Oculomotor
- Motor coordination
- Hypokinetic (Parkinsonian) motor findings
- Hyperkinetic (including choreoathetotic or Huntingtonian) motor findings
- Gait
- Sensory exam
- Visual
- Auditory
- Olfactory
- Tactile
- Dorsal column sensory tests
- Higher order sensory tests
- Neurologic exam as an aid in detecting neuromedical etiologies
- Reflexes
- The significance of global impairment
- Detecting specific etiologies of secondary schizophrenia
- Conclusion
- References
- Introduction
- Chapter 5 Functional neuroimaging in schizophrenia
- Brain function and schizophrenia
- Electroencephalography, cerebral blood flow, and the earliest functional imaging of schizophrenia
- Hypofrontality
- Cerebral disconnectivity and schizophrenia
- Aberrant regional recruitment under a task
- Resting disconnectivity
- EEG
- Structural (volumetric) intercorrelations
- Functional imaging correlates of clinical symptomatology
- Receptor occupancy evaluation with PET
- Conclusion and new directions
- References
- Brain function and schizophrenia
- Chapter 4 The neurologic examination in schizophrenia
- Section 3 Organic syndromes of schizophrenia
- Chapter 6 Schizophrenia-like psychosis and epilepsy
- Introductory caveats
- Categorization
- Ictal psychosis
- Postictal psychosis
- Brief interictal psychosis
- Chronic interictal psychosis
- Future directions
- References
- Introductory caveats
- Chapter 7 Understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia through the looking glass of forced normalization
- Chapter 8 Substance-induced psychosis: an overview
- Introduction
- Definition
- Research directions
- Susceptibility for developing SIP
- Do drugs cause chronic psychoses or schizophrenia?
- Diagnosis and treatment
- Risk of violence and suicide
- Future directions
- References
- Introduction
- Chapter 9 Stimulants and psychosis
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Clinical picture of amphetamine and cocaine-induced psychotic states
- Recent studies of amphetamine psychosis
- Cocaine-induced psychosis
- Follow-up studies
- Biological studies
- Mechanisms
- Available insights into the management of stimulant-induced psychotic conditions
- Conclusion
- References
- Introduction
- Chapter 10 Psychotomimetic effects of PCP, LSD, and Ecstasy: pharmacological models of schizophrenia?
- Human studies
- Phencyclidine
- Ketamine
- Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
- Ecstasy
- Animal studies
- Animal modeling: principles and constraints
- Animal models and controversy about the pharmacology of phencyclidine and its analogues
- Changes in behavior and clinical biomarkers in PCP-related models
- Increased regional brain activation in acute PCP-related animal models
- Increased prefrontal glutamate in PCP-related animal models
- Increased prefrontal neuronal firing in PCP-related animal models
- GABAergic interneuron deficits in PCP-related animal models
- Secondary monoaminergic system disturbances in PCP-related animal models
- Drug development using PCP-related animal models
- Phencyclidine
- The PCP model of schizophrenia: an integration
- Summary and conclusion
- References
- Human studies
- Chapter 11 Schizophrenia secondary to cannabis use
- Chapter 12 Toxic psychosis
- Chapter 13 Schizophrenia-like psychosis and traumatic brain injury
- Chapter 14 Cerebrovascular disease and psychosis
- Chapter 15 Neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s Disease, fronto-temporal dementia) and schizophrenia-like psychosis
- Chapter 16 Storage disorders and psychosis
- Introduction
- Lysosomal storage disorders
- GM2 gangliosidosis type I: Tay-Sachs Disease
- Niemann-Pick Disease type C
- Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis
- Alpha mannosidosis
- Adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: Kufs’ Disease
- A model for psychosis secondary to storage disorders: Niemann-Pick type C
- Laboratory diagnosis of storage disorders
- The treatment of psychosis in storage disorders
- References
- Introduction
- Chapter 17 Mitochondrial disorders and psychosis
- Mitochondrial functions
- Mitochondrial genetics
- Clinical consequences of mitochondrial disorders
- Mitochondrial disorders due to mitochondrial genome mutations
- Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like episodes syndrome
- Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers
- Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
- Other mitochondrial disorders
- Mitochondrial disorders and schizophrenia-like psychosis
- Conclusions
- References
- Mitochondrial functions
- Chapter 18 Psychosis associated with leukodystrophies
- Introduction
- Metachromatic leukodystrophy
- Adrenoleukodystrophy
- Krabbe's Disease
- Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease
- Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis
- Alexander's Disease
- Membranous lipodystrophy
- Principles of management for patients with inherited leukodystrophies
- Summary and future directions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Introduction
- Chapter 19 Normal pressure hydrocephalus
- Introduction
- History of the association
- Schizophrenia and ventricular enlargement
- Clinical presentation of normal pressure hydrocephalus
- Schizophrenia-like psychosis and hydrocephalus
- Delayed or missed diagnoses
- Pathogenesis of psychotic symptoms in normal pressure hydrocephalus
- Summary and conclusions
- References
- Introduction
- Chapter 20 Brain tumors
- Chapter 6 Schizophrenia-like psychosis and epilepsy
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