Silenced: How Apostasy and Blasphemy Codes Are Choking Freedom Worldwide (110 page)

Sadat, Anwar, Egyptian president, 62, 72

Saeed, Abdullah, 171, 288, 325

essay by, 295–303

Santosa, Teguh, 163–164

Sarkozy, Nicolas, French president, 15, 238, 242, 269, 271

Satanic Verses, The
(novel), 177, 179–184

and blasphemy laws, 234

attempted murders sparked by, 92, 182, 183

banning of, 180, 181, 182, 183

burning of, 180, 318

murders sparked by, 177, 183

threats connected with, 93, 182, 183

See also
Rushdie, Salman;
Satanic Verses, The
; self-censorship

Saudi Arabia, 3, 4, 6, 7, 21–34,
and throughout

on Danish cartoons, 186, 191

on
Fitna
, 203

on
Satanic Verses
, 180

represses religious minorities, 24–29

represses religious reformers, 30–33

See also
Al-Ghamdi; Wahhabi Islam

Sbai, Souad, 275

self-censorship, 12, 264, 286, 324

of actors, 264, 266

of artists, 266, 325

of bookstores, 180, 324, 325

of censorship-monitoring groups, 265, 324, 325

of dramatic productions, 263–264, 325

of galleries and museums, 263, 264, 266

of news media, 16, 260

of publishers, 16, 265, 266, 324, 325

of television shows, 266

of universities, 324

of writers, 324

Sethi, Najam, 99

Shaikh, Mohammad Younas, 97–98

sharia, 208–210, 217, 276,
and throughout

combined with secular law, 62, 122, 164

conflicts with rights-based law, 206

encroaches upon secular law, 62, 85, 135

official law of the land, 22, 131, 138, 141, 170

original meaning of, xviii

rejected by Western countries, 207, 227, 250, 261, 278

some practices required by, 111

Sharif, Omar, 283

Shia Islam, 3, 129–130, 186, 297

Shias, adherents of Shia Islam

as religious minority, 22, 72, 84, 102, 122, 124, 131

deemed heretical or non-Muslim, 25, 26, 96, 164, 169

persecuted or repressed by Sunnis, 25, 73, 96, 109

Shinwari, Fazil Hadi, Afghani Chief Justice, 104–105, 110, 370n48

Sima, Samar, 9, 109–110

Sistany, Ali Reza Payam, 110–111

Sisters in Islam, 166, 170, 172, 317, 387n76

Sky Kingdom (“Teapot Group”), 169–170

Sogaard, Runar, 271

Somalia, 10, 133, 134, 138–140, 311

reaction to Danish cartoons, 188

reaction to Regensburg address, 198

Soroush, Abdolkarim, 53, 56

South and Southeast Asia, 10, 149–172

Steyn, Mark, 12, 243, 257

prosecuted for
Maclean’s
piece, 227–228

stoning, 47, 96

for adultery, 9, 104, 111, 114–115, 147, 239, 244, 312

Submission
(film), 244, 261, 263, 268, 318

denounced by Dutch Arabs, 262

See also
Hirsi Ali, Ayaan; van Gogh, Theo

Sudan, 10, 11, 19, 133–135, 140–148, 309

commits Nuba genocide, 133–134

condemned by UN report, 145–146, 205–206

imposes sharia law, 141

Sufi Islam, xix, xxi, 134

Sufis, adherents of SufiIslam, 8, 14, 20,
and throughout

persecuted 22, 23, 29, 51–52, 138, 311

Sultan, Wafa, 246, 273, 282–283

Sunna (Sunnah
), tradition ascribed to Muhammad

distinguished from Qur’an, xvii, 32, 75

linked with Qur’an, 22, 84, 85

Mansour on, 78–79

See also
hadith; Qur’an

Sunni Islam, 3, 4, 10, 28,
and throughout

See also
Wahhabi Islam

Sunnis, adherents of Sunni Islam, 7, 9, 30,
and throughout

as religious minority, 36, 50

Taha, Mohamed Mahmoud, 135, 141, 142–144, 148, 316

Taha, Mohammed, 147

Taliban, 102, 178, 236, 247

in Afghanistan, 101, 102–105, 107–108, 112, 115

in Pakistan, 92, 94, 96–97, 100

in response to Danish cartoons, 189

Talibi, Musa, 44–45, 60

Tantawi, Muhammad Sayyed, Grand Sheikh of Al-Azhar University 65, 66, 75, 210–211

Taoists, 164

Taseer, Salman, Governor of Punjab, 99–100, 216, 319, 326

Teapot Group.
See
Sky Kingdom

“Teddy Bear” blasphemy, 145, 253

Tunisia, 63, 193, 259

Turkey, 30, 47, 117, 127–130, 189

blasphemy law in, 232, 233

has peculiar religion/state position, 118, 132, 312

on Danish cartoons, 174

on
Fitna
, 203

on Regensburg address, 196, 198

on
Satanic Verses
, 183

See also
Alevis

ulema
(also
ulama
), body of Muslim scholars, xx, 55, 84, 302

ulema (also ulama) councils, 105, 111, 113, 115, 149, 159, 163

UN (United Nations)

and defamation resolutions.
See
defamation of religion(s)

Commission on Human Rights, 146, 175, 206, 209, 211–213, 216, 221–222

General Assembly, xxi, 146, 205, 206, 211, 212, 216, 320

Human Rights Council, 11, 119, 175, 203, 205–225

throughout
, 305, 319, 320

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 209, 211, 216, 218

UN Special Rapporteurs, 10, 16, 135, 320, 341n13

called blasphemous, 135, 146, 175, 209, 316

joint statement of, 224, 226

on freedom of opinion and expression, 206, 218, 224

on freedom of religion, 207, 214–215, 224, 254

on racism, 11, 209, 213–214, 223, 224

on Sudan, 11, 205, 209

threatened, 11, 135, 206

United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.), 85

United Kingdom (U.K.).
See
Britain.

United States of America (U.S.), 119, 174, 184,
and throughout

Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), 23, 43, 87, 144

in Afghanistan, 101, 102, 104, 108–109, 188, 236

on defamation resolutions, 216

on freedom of speech, 218, 219, 222–223, 235–237

State Department, 22, 87, 91, 222, 223, 319, 322, 329

See also
defamation of religion(s); hate-speech laws

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), xviii, xxi, 320

Baha’i appeal to, 45

in tension with Algerian law, 119

in tension with Yemen’s constitution, 131

subordinated to sharia principles, 208–209

supported by many Muslims, 296

van Gogh, Theo, 261

murder of, 261–263, 282

produced intimidation, 263, 268, 270

sparked violence, 262

See also
Hirsi Ali, Ayaan;
Submission
; Wilders, Geert

veiling of women, 67

enforced by murder, 140

Muslim critics of, 35, 75, 171

secularized Muslim critics of, 244, 274, 275

Western critics of, 15, 247

Venice Commission.
See
Council of Europe (CoE)

Vilks, Lars, 199–200

Wadud, Amina, 276

Wahhabi Islam, 7, 166, 186, 229, 275, 316, 322

defined, 22, 289–290

See also
Saudi Arabia, 21–34
throughout

Wahid, Kyai Haji Abdurrahman, 13, 159, 161, 290

essay on blasphemy and apostasy, xvii–xxii

Warraq, Ibn, 281, 323

Westergaard, Kurt, 185, 202, 203, 324

target of assassination plan, 193

victim of home invasion, 194

Wilders, Geert, Dutch MP, 123, 178, 269–270, 282, 290

condemns Arafat, 269

driven into hiding, 268, 270

makes harsh remarks on Qur’an, 201, 270

produces
Fitna
, 201–202

prosecuted for hate speech, 245–246

refused entry into Britain, 246

See also
Jami, Ehsan; van Gogh, Theo

women’s rights under Islam, 166, 229, 273–275, 311, 326

Al-Turabi on, 148

Amnesty International on, 211

Ates on, 273

Bousakla on, 259

Hirsi Ali on, 244, 268

Kambakhsh on, 112–113

Manji on, 279

Nasreen on, 154–155

NGOs on, 210

Sultan on, 283

Taha on, 142–143

See also
veiling of women

Yale University Press, 194, 264–265, 324, 325

Yemen, 9, 19, 119, 130–131, 187, 216, 312

on Regensburg address, 196

Zalmai, Ghaus, 114–115, 311

Zoroastrians (Parsis), 36, 49–50, 84