Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America (111 page)

20. "Comintern Apparatus Summary Report," 15 December 1944, serial 3702,
p. 222, FBI Comintern Apparatus file 100-203581.

2 1. Moscow Center report on a cable dated 7 December 1942; Moscow Center's
25 Januan- 1943 reply to 7 December 1942 cable, KGB file 82702, V.1, p. 54, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 2.

22. Moscow Center to KGB New York, 1 July 1943; Moscow Center to KGB
New York, 22 November 1943, KGB file 40159, v3, PP. 278, 335-37, Vassiliev,
Black, log, 111. Fitin report to Merkulov, 11 August 1943, KGB file 82702, V.1,
pp. 192-93, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 14. "Erie" appeared in the Venona decryptions as
an unidentified scientific source/agent. A marginal comment by Alexander Vassiliev
noted that "Erie" lived in Detroit. This, however, appears to be a confusion with
Byron Darling, a Detroit-based physicist and KGB agent. Nahin's cover name "Erie"
was later changed to "Ernst," a cover name that applied to Darling for a short time.

23. Ovakimyan and Graur, report to Merkulov on "Enormous," February 1944,
KGB file 82702, v.1, p. 143, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 1o; Fitin report to Merkulov, July
1944, KGB file 40129, v.3a, p. 148, Vassiliev, White #1, 107.

24. Engry on "Charon"; "Memorandum on `Charon's' work from Dec. 41
through June 44," KGB file 25748, V.2, pp. 88, 115-17, Vassiliev, White #1, 136. Assignment for station chief "Gift," March 1944, KGB file 40129, v.3a, PP. 42-43, Vassiliev, White #1, 106-7. Moscow Center to KGB New York, 30 June 1944, KGB file
40159, V.3, P. 404, Vassiliev, Black, 112.

z5. Fitin report to Merkulov, July 1944, KGB file 40129, v.3a, p. 148. The note,
""Chester" was cultivated," is not specifically sourced, but the KGB file page (146)
given in the margin suggests it was part of the Fitin to Merkulov report of July 1944.
Vassiliev, White #1, 107, 118.

26. Fitin, "Plan of Action on `Enormous,"' 5 November 1944, KGB file 82702,
v.1, pp. 223-25, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 15; "Switching `Callistratus,'" KGB file 40129,
v.3a, p. 177, Vassiliev, White #i, log.

27. Moscow Center to "Anton," 1o November 1944, KGB file 40159, v.3,
PP. 435-48, Vassiliev, Black, 113.

28. Venona 1773 KGB New York to Moscow, 16 December 1944; Moscow Center to KGB New York, 21 December 1944, KGB file 82702, v.1, p. 257, Vassiliev, Yel-
lotc #1, 17; KGB New York to Moscow Center, 1g March 1945, KGB file 40594, v.7,
p. 102, Vassiliev, Black, 136; "Anton" to Moscow Center, ig March 1945, KGB file
40129, v.3a, p. 356, Vassiliev, White #1, ii6.

29. Semenov, "Background on work on XY line in Western U.S.," July 1945,
KGB file 401-29, v.3a, p. 415, Vassiliev, White #1, 117-18.

30. Semenov, ibid., p. 416, Vassiliev, White #1, 117-18.

31. On Apresyan's rocky start at San Francisco, see Herken, Brotherhood of the
Bomb, 130-31.

32. Memo, Fitin to Merkulov, August 1945; KGB New York to Moscow Center,
20 October 1945, KGB file 82702, v.1, pp. 376, 424-25, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 28, 3334. "Background sheet from Anton and Arseny re work on Enormous," addressed to
Merkulov, 12 September 1945, KGB file 40129, v.3a, P. 458, Vassiliev, White #1,
118-19.

33. " Vadim" to Moscow Center, 1g October 1945, KGB file 82702, v.1, pp. 42243; "Report by `Mole,"' zz October 1945, KGB file 82702, v.1, pp. 496-97, Vassiliev,
Yellow #1, 32-35.

34• Vasile vskv, "Plan of action to expand the agent-oper. cultivation of "En-s,"
undated, circa October 1945, KGB file 82702, v.1, pp. 403-4, Vassiliev, Yellow #i,
31-32.

35. A. Raina, "To Comrade J. v. Stalin, ... Plan of oper. measures connected
with Ch-s's case," 5 February 1950, KGB file 84490, v3, p. 44, Vassiliev, Yellow #i,
g1-92. The report refers specifically to Harold Urey, Aristid Grosse, Cyril Smith,
George Gamow, Leo Szilard, and Herbert Skinner.

36. Borden to Hoover, 7 November 1953, reproduced in U.S. Atomic Energy
Conn nission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, 837-38.

37. Sudoplatov et al., Special Tasks, 172-200.

38. An extensive bibliography of essays pro and con on the Sudoplatov atomic espionage controversy is online at "Atomic Espionage and the Sudoplatov Controversy," http://vwwv.johnearlhaynes.org/page94.html.

39. Jerrold L. Schecter and Leona Schecter, Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History (Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 2002),
60-62.

40. Ibid., 49-50.

V. Fitin, untitled note, November 1944; "Report by `Charon,"' 29 September
1944, KGB file 25748, V.2, PP. 133-39, 148, Vassiliev, White #1, 137-38. The
Schecters maintain that Kheifets, whom they present as a highly successful KGB officer, was not recalled for inefficiency but as part of the Mironov affair (discussed in
chapter 9). Vasily Mironov's charges of misconduct and treason against senior KGB
officers in the United States, however, did not include Kheifets, and there was no reason for Moscow to recall him in connection with this matter.

42. Vasilevsky, "Plan of action to expand the agent-oper. cultivation of "En-s,"
undated, circa October 1945, KGB file 82702, v.1, pp. 403-4, Vassiliev, Yellow #i,
31-32.

43. On the contribution of Soviet intelligence to the Soviet atomic bomb project, see V. P. Visgin, ed., "U istokov sovetskogo atomnogo proekta: Rol' rasvedki,
1941-1946 gg. (po materialam arkhiva Vneshnei Razvedki Rossi)" [At the Sources of
the Soviet Atomic Project: The Role of Intelligence Operations, 1941-1-946 (Based
on Material from the Archive of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia)], Vo prosy Istorii Estestvoznaniia i Tekhniki [Questions about the History of Natural Science and Technology], no. 3 (1992); A. A. Yatskov, "Atom i razvedka" [The Atom
and Intelligence Gathering], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniia i Tekhniki, no. 3 (1992);
Alexander Feklisov and Sergei Kostin, The Man Behind the Rosen bergs, trans.
Catherine Dop (New York: Enigma Books, 2001), 201, 213, 217-19, 238, 258, 26061; David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy,
1939-1956 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994); David Holloway, "Sources
for Stalin and the Bomb," Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 4
(Fall 1994); Richard Rhodes, Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (New
York: Simon and Schuster, 1995).

44. Stalin appointed Lavrenty Beria, commissar general of state security, to take
over supervision of the hitherto small Soviet atomic program on 7 August 1945 and
tasked him to produce a working Soviet bomb in the shortest time possible. Beria,
aware of the quantity and quality of Soviet intelligence on the Manhattan Project, ordered Soviet scientists to stick closely to the proven American design; he also supplied the project with the labor of more than fifty thousand Gulag prisoners and all
the industrial resources needed. Thomas B. Cochran, Robert S. Norris, and Oleg A.
Bukharin, Making the Russian Bomb: From Stalin to Yeltsin (Boulder, CO: Westview
Press, 1995); Zhores Medvedev, "Atomnyi gulag" [Atomic Gulag], Novoye Russkoye
Slovo [New Russian Word], 8 December 1994, 17-18; Zhores A. Medvedev, "Stalin
and the Atomic Gulag," in Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev and Zhores A. Medvedev,
The Unknown Stalin: His Life, Death and Legacy (Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press,
2004).

45. Kathryn Weathersby, "`Should We Fear This?' Stalin and the Danger of War
with America," Working Paper No. 39 (Washington, D.C.: Cold War International
History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2002), 9. Among
the other reasons Stalin cited were the recent victory of Communist forces in China.
See also Evgenii P. Bajanov, "Assessing the Politics of the Korean War, 1949-1951,
Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 6-7 (Winter 1995-96): 54, 8791.

46. On the frightening and erratic nature of Stalin's final years, see Jonathan
Brent and Vladimir Pavlovieh Naumov, Stalin's Last Crime: The Plot against the Jewish Doctors, 1948-1953 (New York: HarperCollins, 2003).

47. Memorandum, Fitin to Merkulov, August 1945, KGB file 82702, v.1,
pp. 38o-81, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 29.

48. "Vadim" report from London, 22 December 1942, KGB file 82702, v.1, p. 40,
Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 4-5.

49. "Vadim" letter, 1o March 1943, KGB file 82702, v.1, pp. 77-79, Vassiliev,
Yellow #1, 5.

5o. "Plan for Agent Cultivation of Enormous," ii August 1943; KGB London to
Moscow Center, 30 September 1944; KGB London to Moscow Center, 29 March
1944; all three in KGB file 82702, v.1, pp. 93, 215-17, 158, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 7,
14-15, 11.

51. "Mystery over UK Atomic Spy Solved," i March 2007, BBC News,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/g/hi/uk-news/64o9661.stm; Security Service File ref KV 2/2349-2354, quoted at "Communists and Suspected Communists: Engelbert
Broda," https://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/Pagez8z.html.

52. KGB London to Moscow Center, cable, 29 November 1942, KGB file 82702,
v.1, p. 38, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 6.

53. Fitin report to Merkulov, ii August 1943, KGB file 82702, v.i, p. 193, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 14. On the Allan Nunn May case, see Robert Bothwell and J. L.
Granatstein, eds., The Gouzenko Transcripts: The Evidence Presented to the Kel-
lock-Taschereau Royal Commission of 1946 (Ottawa: Deneau, 1982), 74, 97; U.S.
Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Soviet Atomic Espionage (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1951), 58; Robert Taschereau and Roy Lindsay
Kellock, Royal Commissioners, The Report of the Royal Commission Appointed
under Order in Council P. C. 411 of February 5, 1946, to Investigate the Facts Relating to and the Circumstances Surrounding the Communication, by Public Officials and Other Persons in Positions of Trust, of Secret and Confidential Information to Agents of a Foreign Power. June 27, 1946 (Ottawa: E. Cloutier, 1946).

54. KGB London to Center, 22 June 1945, KGB file 82702, v.i, p. 338, Vassiliev,
Yellow #1, 25. "Melita Norwood" obituary, 28 June zoos, The Times [London]. Citing her advanced age, the British government did not prosecute her.

55. "Luka" to Moscow Center, 24 November 1941; "Vadim" report, 17 December 1941, KGB file 82702, v.i, pp. 25-27, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 1. We are unable to
further identify Davrun Wittenberg. Personal reminiscences about Emil Conason
can be found in a memoir written by his cousin: William Herrick, Jumping the Line:
The Adventures and Misadventures of an American Radical (Madison: University of
Wisconsin Press, 1998), 39-41.

56. Moscow Center to KGB New York, 27 March 1942, KGB file 40159, v.3,
pp. 16o-6i, Vassiliev, Black, 106-7. The last three are unknown. Wittenberg was
described as a Urey associate, while Tramm was described as a Van de Graaff assistant.

57. Moscow Center to KGB New York, 27 March 1942; Moscow Center to KGB
New York, 26 November 1942; Moscow Center to KGB New York, 1 July 1943;
Moscow Center to "Maxim," 22 November 1943, KGB file 40159, v.3, pp. 160, 22324, 278, 336, Vassiliev, Black, io6, 108-9, iii; "Twain" report on "Pike," 5 May 1942,
KGB file 40594, v.5, p. 278, Vassiliev, Black, io5-6; Ovakimyan and Graur, report
to Merkulov on "Enormous," February 1944, KGB file 82702, v.1, p. 144, Vassiliev,
Yellow #1, g.

58. Moscow Center to KGB New York, 27 March 1942; Moscow Center to KGB
New York, 28 August 1942, KGB file 40159, v.3, pp. 16o, 187, Vassiliev, Black, io6,
io8.

59. Moscow Center to KGB New York, 26 November 1942; Moscow Center to
"Maxim," 22 November 1943, KGB file 40159, v.3, PP. 223-24, 264-66, 337, Vassiliev, Black, io8-g, iii.

6o. KGB New York to Moscow Center, 3 October 1945, KGB file 82702, v.1,
p. 398; A. Raina, "Plan of oper. measures connected with Ch-s's case," 5 February
1950, KGB file 84490, v.2, p. 45, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 30, 92.

61. Venona 961 KGB New York to Moscow, 21 June 1943; Venona 972, 979, 983 KGB New York to Moscow, 22-23 June 1943; Venona 1405 KGB New York to
Moscow, 27 August 1943.

62. A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?" Physical Review 47 (1935).

63. Moscow Center to KGB New York, 27 March 1942, KGB file 40159, v.3,
p. 160, Vassiliev, Black, io6; KGB New York to Moscow Center, 8 May 1943, KGB
file 82702, v.1, p. go, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 6-7.

64. KGB New York to Moscow Center, 8 May 1943, KGB file 82702, V.1, p. 90,
Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 6-7.

65. Venona 961 KGB New York to Moscow, zi June 1943.

66. Venona 972, 979, 983 KGB New York to Moscow, 22-23 June 1943.

67. Moscow Center to "Maxim," i July 1943; Moscow Center to KGB New York,
22 November 1943, KGB file 82702, v.1, pp. 87-88, io6, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 6-7.

68. Testimony of Clarence Hiskey, 9 September 1948, U.S. House Committee
on Un-American Activities, Excerpts from Hearings Regarding bn;estigation of Communist Activities in Connection with the Atom Bomb (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt.
Print. Off., 1948), 1-9.

69. "Chap" report on Clarence Hiskey, z8 March 1942, KGB file 82702, V.1,
pp. 69-71, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 2-3.

70. Moscow Center to KGB New York, 27 March 1942, KGB file 40159, v.3,
p. 160, Vassiliev, Black, io6.

71. Moscow Center report based on KGB New York cable of 1 April 1942;
Moscow Center to KGB New York, 5 April 1942, KGB file 82702, v.1, pp. 32, 34,
Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 1-2.

72. "Chap" report, 24 April 1942, KGB file 82702, v.1, p. 72, Vassiliev, Yellow
#1, 4.

73. Report based on a KGB New York cable of 22 October 1943, KGB file
82702, v.1, p. 96, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 7.

74. Moscow Center to "Luka," 28 October 1943; Moscow Center to KGB New
York, 22 November 1943, KGB file 82702, v.1, pp. 98, 104-5, Vassiliev, Yellow #1, 8.

75. Venona 912 KGB New York to Moscow, 27 June 1944; Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944; Venona 1429 KGB New York to Moscow, 9
October 1944; Venona 164 Moscow to New York, zo February 1945; Venona 259
Moscow to New York, 21 March 1945. A. Gorsky, "Failures in the USA (1938-48),"
December 1948, KGB file 43173, v.2c, p. 49, Vassiliev, Black, 79; Background on
Active Sources on XY for 1943, KGB file 40129, \7 .3a, pp. 72-73, Vassiliev, White #i,
107; Senienov to Fitin, 29 November 1944, KGB file 40129, v.3a, pp. 203-4, Vassiliev, White #i, 110; Agent network as of i February 1945, KGB file 40594, v.7,
p. 32, Vassiliev, Black, 121; Testimony of Byron Darling, 12 March 1953, U.S. House
Committee on Un-American Activities Executive Session Testimony, Box 21, Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration.