Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic (66 page)

250.
the word is
“questing”
: Ostfeld (2011), 23.

251.
Ostfeld and others call
“reservoir competence”
: Ostfeld (2011), 12.

258.
“
We know that walking into a small woodlot
”
: Ostfeld (2011), 9.

258.
Some people take “All life is connected” to be
: Ostfeld (2011), 6–7.

258.
a sort of cystlike stage known as a
“round body”
: Margulis et al. (2009), 52.

VI. Going Viral

265.
“
the sap of leaves infected with tobacco mosaic disease
”
: Levine (1992), 2.

267.
“
encouraged by the study of the so-called ‘filterable virus’ agents
”
: Zinsser (1934), 63.

267.
“
Here, as in bacterial disease
”
: Zinsser (1934), 64.

268.
“
a piece of bad news wrapped up in a protein
”
: Quoted in Crawford (2000), 6.

273.
“
pain, redness, and slight swelling
” around the bite
: Sabin and Wright (1934), 116.

273.
They called it simply “the B virus”
: Sabin and Wright (1934), 133.

278.
“
no case
” of human infection with the virus
: Engel et al. (2002), 792.

288.
“
a virus in search of a disease
”
: Weiss (1988), 497.

295.
the most “efficient” parasite, in Pasteur’s view
: Pasteur’s view as summarized and reaffirmed by Rene Dubos, quoted in Ewald (1994), 188–89.

295.
“
a more perfect mutual tolerance
”
: Zinsser (1934), 61.

295.
“
In general terms, where two organisms have developed
”
: Burnet (1940), 37.

296.
“
A disease organism that kills its host quickly
”
: McNeill (1976), 9.

297.
“
started jumping up and down, biting other animals
”
: Quoted in ProMED-mail post, April 22, 2011.

297.
“
He barked like a dog,
” his wife recalled later
: Quoted in ProMED-mail post, April 1, 2011.

298.
Austin was an “ardent acclimatizer”
: Fenner and Ratcliffe (1965), 17.

299.
causing what was called a “spectacular epizootic”
: Fenner and Ratcliffe (1965), 276.

301.
“
Laboratory experiments showed that all field strains
”
: Fenner (1983), 265.

304.
“
weave together
” the two approaches
: Anderson and May (1979), 361.

304.
“
unsupported statements
” in medical and ecological textbooks
: Anderson and May (1982), 411.

306.
“
Our major conclusion,
” wrote Anderson and May
: Anderson and May (1982), 424.

VII. Celestial Hosts

315.
“
Pigs are a common host for the virus
”
:
New Straits Times,
January 7, 1999.

316.
“
It became known as a one-mile barking cough
”
: Hume Field was the expert, quoted in a
60 Minutes
(of Australia) television interview.

327.
“
touching dead animals
” looked like it might be important
: Montgomery et al. (2008), 1529, Table 2.

328.
“
increases the risk for wider spread
”
: Gurley et al. (2007), 1036.

331.
“
Owners viewed the fruit bats as a nuisance
”
: Luby et al. (2006), 1892.

344.
“
the revenge of the rain forest
”
: Preston (1994), 289.

350.
Do bats have a different “set point”
: Calisher et al. (2006), 536.

351.
“
Emphasis, sometimes complete emphasis, on nucleotide sequence
”
: Calisher et al. (2006), 541.

351.
“
we are simply waiting for the next
”
: Calisher et al. (2006), 540.

351.
“
The natural reservoir hosts of these viruses have not yet been identified
”
: Calisher et al. (2006), 539.

356.
“
is only one of many such cave populations
”
: Towner et al. (2009), 2.

372.
“
Patient C was the father of a 4-year-old girl
”
: Leroy et al. (2009), 5.

372.
“
Thus, virus transmission may have occurred
”
: Leroy et al. (2009), 6.

373.
“
In fact, it is highly likely that several other persons
”
: Leroy et al. (2009), 5.

VIII. The Chimp and the River

385.
“
profoundly depressed
” in number
: Gottlieb et al. (1981), 251.

387.
“
strikingly similar to the syndrome of immunodeficiency
”
: Pitchenik et al. (1983), 277.

387.
written about as the man who “carried the virus out of Africa”
: e.g., Wikipedia, “Gaëtan Dugas,” citing Auerbach et al. (1984), although Auerbach et al. do not make that assertion.

387.
vain but charming, even “gorgeous” in some eyes
:
Shilts (1987), 47.

388.
“
I’ve got gay cancer
”
: Shilts (1987), 165.

388.
“
Although the cause of AIDS is unknown
”
: Auerbach et al. (1984), 490.

388.
to the more resonant “Patient Zero” of his book
: Shilts (1987), 23.

389.
“
I’d better go home to die
”
: Shilts (1987), 6.

391.
“
AIDS could not be caused by a conventional bacterium
”
: Montagnier (2000), 42.

393.
“
more than 4000 individuals in the world
”
: Levy et al. (1984), 840.

393.
“
Our data cannot reflect a contamination
”
: Levy et al. (1984), 842.

396.
“
In 1985, the highest rates of HIV were reported
”
: Essex and Kanki (1988), 68.

396.
“
must have evolved mechanisms
”
: Essex and Kanki (1988), 68.

396.
“
not close enough to make it likely that SIV
”
: Essex and Kanki (1988), 69.

399.
HUMAN AIDS VIRUS NOT FROM MONKEYS
: Mulder (1988), 396.

399.
sampled by the Japanese team, because it was “of Kenyan origin”
: Fukasawa et al. (1988), 457.

401.
revealed that the virus was “endemic” among them
: Murphey-Corb et al. (1986), 437.

402.
“
These results suggest that SIV
sm
has infected macaques
”
: Hirsch et al. (1989), 389.

414.
with material direct from a “vaccinal sore”
: Willrich (2011), 181.

415.
“
The origin of the AIDS virus is of no importance
”
: Quoted in Curtis (1992), 21.

415.
“
It’s distracting, it’s nonproductive, it’s confusing
”
: Quoted in Curtis (1992), 21.

416.
“
The controversy surrounding the source of the Nile
”
: Hooper (1999), 4.

421.
“
Our estimation of divergence times
”
: Worobey et al. (2008), 663.

423.
“
the most persuasive evidence yet
”
: Weiss and Wrangham (1999), 385.

428.
“
We show here that the SIV
cpzPtt
strain that gave rise
”
: Keele at al. (2006), 526.

428.
“
In humans, direct exposure to animal blood
”
: Hahn et al. (2000), 611.

428.
“
The likeliest route of chimpanzee-to-human transmission
”
: Sharp and Hahn (2010), 2492.

429.
“
a hard mission field,
” according to one Swedish missionary
: Quoted in Martin (2002), 25.

430.
“
a low-risk type of prostitution
”
: Pepin (2011), 90.

437.
“
Until recently, the Bakweles have been using chimps
”
: From the typewritten, unpublished report of my anonymous source in Yokadouma.

464.
“
survived their own AIDS-like pandemic
”
: Cohen (2002), 15.

477.
“
that SIV
cpz
has a substantial negative impact
”
: Keele et al. (2009), 515.

479.
“
The Congo contains various health institutions
”
: Beheyt (1953), quoted in Pepin (2011), 164.

479.
“
The large number of patients and the small quantity of syringes
”
: Beheyt (1953), quoted in Pepin (2011), 164.

481.
“
consisted of thousands of asymptomatic free women
”
: Pepin (2011), 161.

485.
“there must have been a very effective amplification mechanism”
: Pepin (2011), 196.

IX. It Depends

496.
“
From the ecological point of view an outbreak
”
: Berryman (1987), 3.

497.
“
When
Homo sapiens
passed the six-billion mark
”
: Wilson (2002), 86.

498.
“
seems to imply a dominant force
”
: Myers (1993), 240.

512.
“
The first criterion is the most obvious
”
: Burke (1998), 7.

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