Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic (76 page)

    evolution of, 24, 36–37, 82, 206, 264, 287, 292, 297, 299, 302–10, 322, 343, 344–45

    as “filterable,” 265, 267

    genomes of, 268, 306–10, 504

    geographical dissemination of, 366

    human-to-human transmission of, 325, 326, 328, 330, 372–73, 374–81, 507

    isolation of, 25, 38

    mutation of, 270–71, 308, 309–10, 344, 345, 375, 506, 512

    as obligate intracellular parasite,
267

    as parasitic organisms, 40–41, 264, 267

    population sizes of, 308

    replicability of, 266, 267, 271, 291, 308, 344, 345

    reservoir hosts of, 271, 313–14

    RNA, 41, 119, 270–71, 307–10, 322, 344, 420, 424–25, 504, 512

    simplicity of, 268

    size of, 267–68

    transmissibility of,
see
transmissibility

    virions of, 268–69, 291, 293, 308, 318, 443, 444, 501

    virulence of,
see
virulence

viruses (
continued
)

    as zoonoses, 267

    
see also
pathogens

virus hunters, 25–26

viruslike particles (VLPs), 101–2

visna virus, 297

Vivian (Buy’em–Sell’em), 449–50

Vonnegut, Kurt, 24

Voyager, 446–48, 453–62

Wagner-Juaregg, Julius, 150–51, 157

Walsh, Peter D., 119–22

Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 217

Warfield, Christian, 109, 110, 111

Warfield, Kelly L., 100–111, 363, 426

Washington Post,
212, 214

Webster, Robert G., 505–11, 512

wedge-tailed shearwater (
Puffinus pacificus
), 505

Weers, Ineke, 224

Wei Shangzheng, 203–5, 206

western gorillas, 67–68

    
Plasmodium
in, 140–41

West Nile virus, 21, 22, 39, 230, 270, 292, 307, 314, 346, 511

“wet markets,” 188–89, 191, 197–98

white-footed mouse, 257

    deer ticks and, 248–49, 251, 252, 255

    population levels of, 248, 252, 253–54

white-tailed deer, 246–47, 250, 252–53

whooping cough, 130

Wild Flavor (
yewei
), 187–88, 191, 197–98, 205, 433

wildlife carers, 30, 33–34

Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), 64, 66, 67

Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 214

Wilson, Edward O., 497

Wisconsin, Lyme disease in, 244

Wolfe, Nathan, 514

World Health Organization (WHO), 22, 71, 89, 97, 352, 370, 373, 484, 505, 513, 518

    malaria eradication campaign of, 145–46, 147

    SARS and, 168–69, 171–72, 177, 181

World Organization for Animal Health, 513

World War I, 214, 221–22

World Wildlife Fund, 434–35

worms, 23, 24

Worobey, Michael, 412–13, 417–23, 428, 463, 480, 486–88

Wrangham, Richard, 467, 471

Yale University School of Medicine, 212, 241

Yambuku, DRC, 69–72, 73, 76, 97, 117

    as locus of original Ebola spillover, 119–22

Yang Jian, 199–202

Yaoundé, Cameroon, 432–33

yaws, 481

Yee Sin, Leo, 179

yellow fever, 21, 23, 24, 237, 270, 307, 313, 314

    attempted eradication of, 263, 266, 517

    as re-emergent disease, 43

    as vector-borne, 266, 292

Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 274–75

Yersin, Alexandre, 517

Yevstigneyev, Valentin, 99–100

yewei
(Wild Flavor), 187–88, 191, 197–98, 205, 433

Yokadouma, Cameroon, 434–36

Yolanda (chimpanzee), 473–77

Zaire,
see
Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Zaireanisation, 485

Zaire ebolavirus,
see
Ebola virus

Zambia, 483

Zhongshan, China, 170, 171–72

Zhou Zuofeng, 172, 173–74

Zhu, Guangjian, 199–201

Zhu, Tuofu, 408–9

Zhu (Pearl) River, 170

Zinsser, Hans, 267, 295–96, 300

zoonosis(es), 20–21

    amplifier hosts of, 34, 36, 191, 195, 236, 314, 316–17, 319–20

    definition of, 13–14

    ecology and evolution of, 344–45, 515–17

    hiding abilities of, 22–23, 74–75

    as majority of human pathogens, 43–44

    modern emergence of, 38–39, 183, 237

    natural selection and, 23, 345

    Next Big One as, 511–13

    nonzoonotic diseases contrasted with, 137

    reasons for study of, 381

    reservoir hosts of,
see
reservoir hosts

    transmissibility of, 38, 164, 191, 236–37;
see also
spillover

    types of, 23–24

    viruses as, 267

ZR59, 409, 420–21, 431, 463, 482, 488

A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR

DAVID QUAMMEN is the author of four books of fiction and seven acclaimed nonfiction titles, including
The Reluctant Mr. Darwin
and
The Song of the Dodo
, which was awarded the John Burroughs Medal for natural history writing. He has been honored with an Academy Award in Literature by the American Academy of Arts and Letters and is a three-time recipient of the National Magazine Award. Quammen holds honorary doctorates from Montana State University, where he served as the Wallace Stegner Chair of Western American Studies from 2007 to 2009, and Colorado College. He is a contributing writer for
National Geographic
magazine and lives with his wife, Betsy Gaines, in Bozeman, Montana.

Copyright © 2012 by David Quamman

Small portions of this book have appeared previously, in different form,
in
National Geographic
and
Outside
magazines.

Maps by Daphne Gillam,
www.handcraftedmaps.com
.

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