Stalin and His Hangmen (93 page)

Iagoda, Genrikh, Jr (Garik),
210
,
278
,
280

Iagoda, Gershon,
200
,
279
–80

Iagoda, Lev,
201

Iagoda, Lili,
279

Iagoda, Mikhail,
201

Iagoda, Rozalia,
201

Iagoda, Taisa,
279

Iagoda-Averbakh, Ida,
202
,
205
,
210
,
278
–9

Iakir, General Iona,
79
–80,
177
,
197
,
314
–15

Iakobson, Roman,
117

Iakovlev, Iakov,
358

Ianson, Nikolai,
176

Iaroslavsky, Emelian,
39
,
123
,
174
,
196

Iashvili, Paolo,
217
,
340
–3,
479

Ibarruri, Dolores (La Pasionara),
45

Ignatiev, Semion,
432
–5,
438
,
441
,
443
,
445
,
455
,
484

Ingush people,
303
,
392
–3

Inkeri Finns,
360

Institute of Red Professors,
168
–90,
385

Ionov, Ilia,
90

Ioseliani, Ivane,
355

Irving, David,
xx

Ishov, M.M.,
300

Iskander, Fazil:
Uncle Sandro from Chegem
,
294

Israel: founded,
423
,
427
; hostility to USSR,
429

Istomina, Valeria,
46

Istrati, Panait,
221
,
471

Iurovsky, Iankel-Iakov,
80

Iurovsky, Leonid,
162

Iushenkov, Sergei,
457

Ivan IV (the Terrible), Tsar,
371
–2,
420

Ivanov, Nikolai,
358

Izvestiia
(newspaper),
215
,
307
–8

Jackson, Frank
see
Mercader, Ramón

James VI, King of Scotland (James I of England),
42

Japan: defeats Russia (1905),
4
,
28
; invades China,
271
; colonizes Korea,
360
,
480
; refrains from attack in war,
389
; USSR declares war on (1945),
409

Japhetic theory (linguistics),
358

Javakhishvili, Ivane:
History of Georgia
,
16

Javakhishvili, Mikheil,
216
,
344

Jewish Anti-fascist Committee,
370
,
427
,
428
–9,
484

Jewish Bund,
73

Jews: persecuted in USSR,
xxiii
,
254
,
425
–9,
436
–7; pogroms against,
4
,
73
; defined,
72
–3; role in repressions,
72
,
74
; and anti-Semitism,
73
–4,
115
,
253
–4,
371
,
423
,
425
; banned from writing in Hebrew,
114
–15; and state campaign against Church,
121
; Nazis persecute,
175
,
252
; eliminated in war,
395
; killed in post-war Poland,
400
; Stalin’s hostility to,
423
–5,
484
; in eastern Europe,
441

Jikia, Volodia,
343
,
354

Joffe, Adolf,
65

Johanides, Jan,
164

Johnston (chekist executioner),
80

Jones, Gareth,
179

Joyce, James,
426

Jughashvili, Besarion (Stalin’s father),
5
–7

Jughashvili, Giorgi (Stalin’s uncle),
5
–6,
8

Jughashvili, Katerine (
née
Meladze; Stalin’s mother; ‘Keke’): marriage,
5
; religious faith,
7
; and Stalin’s upbringing,
7
–10; on Stalin’s incipient TB,
13
; visits Stalin in prison,
33

Jughashvili, Mikhail (Stalin’s brother),
8

Jughashvili, Vano (Stalin’s grandfather),
5
–6

Jughashvili, Zaza (Stalin’s great-grandfather),
5

Jughashvili-Stalin, Iakov (Stalin’s son): birth and upbringing,
30
; Stalin’s interest in,
44
; attempted suicide,
45
,
234
; captured and killed by Germans,
45
; liaison with Jew,
423

Kabarda Circassians,
393
–4

Kachalov, General Vasili,
348
,
386

Kádár, János,
441

Kaganovich, Lazar: signs death warrants,
xviii
; Stalin fails to meet as revolutionary,
39
; reduces Jewish student numbers,
73
; works with Stalin,
125
,
186
,
195
–7,
333
; turns against Bukharin,
145
; and resettlement of
peasants,
187
; and covering-up of famine,
189
; suppresses Vichuga rebellion,
191
; as prospective head of OGPU,
204
; conversation,
208
; attacks Basseches,
213
; comments on Gorky’s draft speech for Union of Writers congress,
216
; and composition of Union of Writers,
217
; on effect of Nadezhda’s suicide on Stalin,
234
; and Kirov murder,
239
; and Stalin’s attack on Nakhaev,
243
; and Nazi attacks on USSR,
253
; Jewishness,
254
,
425
–6; and Kandelaki’s dealings with Germany,
256
; administration of Moscow,
264
; and retrial of Kamenev and Zinoviev,
266
,
270
–2; accuses right-wing saboteurs,
273
; and Iagoda’s demotion and arrest,
273
–4; murderousness,
285
–6,
485
; Ezhov works with,
289
–92; victims,
303
; monitors lists of Terror victims,
304
; at Central Committee plenary meetings,
306
,
309
; and purge of Red Army,
314
–15; and Comintern purge,
316
; Stavsky praises,
323
; and Stalin’s change of personality,
359
; authorizes Katyn massacres,
365
; relations with Voroshilov and Molotov,
379
; wartime duties,
380
; demoted,
414
; punished and reinstated,
421
; and Soviet anti-Semitism,
437
; position after Stalin’s death,
443
; and Beria’s downfall,
448
,
450
–1; death,
456

Kaganovich, Mikhail,
443
,
485

Kaigorodskoe,
60

Kalinin, Mikhail: works with Stalin,
24
–5,
154
,
195
,
463
; Stalin meets in Stockholm,
29
,
39
; released from prison,
31
; position in Politbiuro,
67
; and suppresssion of Church,
122
; and succession to Lenin,
126
–7; and criticisms of OGPU,
129
; and Ramzin confession,
161
; signs Stalin’s anti-terrorist decree,
239
; and Ezhov,
290
; Kliuev appeals to,
320
; authorizes Katyn massacres,
365
; health decline,
414
; wife

tortured and imprisoned,
427

Kalmyk people,
391
–3

Kalmykov, Betal,
347

Kamenev, Lev: lends copy of Machiavelli to Stalin,
22
; shelters Stalin in Tbilisi,
27
; released from prison,
31
; argues policy,
38
; Stalin meets,
39
; in exile,
41
–2,
173
; arrives in Petrograd (1917),
53
; in Politbiuro,
67
; Jewishness,
72
; and Lenin’s policy on Georgia,
89
; and succession to Lenin,
93
,
126
,
145
; and role of Cheka,
96
; attitude to Dzierżyński,
97
; and Lenin’s purge of intellectuals,
115
; Berdiaiev harangues,
117
; reads literature for publication,
118
; and campaign against Church,
122
; Lenin criticizes,
126
; attends Party gatherings,
131
; criticizes Trotsky,
132
; dispute with Stalin and Bukharin,
132
–4; expelled from Party,
134
,
207
; war on peasants,
148
; Bukharin conspires with,
153
–5,
204
; as patron of intellectuals,
164
; Gorky’s liking for,
214
–15; runs Akademiia publishing house,
215
; tried and sentenced,
221
,
248
–50,
258
,
266
–71,
295
; ostracized,
228
; recants,
228
; and Riutin,
232
; and Kirov murder,
243
; on Machiavelli,
246
; Stalin acts against,
246
–7; attends Kirov’s funeral,
248
; shot,
256
–8,
270
,
307
–8; Krupskaia and,
257
; Trotsky’s influence on,
264
; interrogated,
266

Kameneva-Bronshtein, Olga (Lev’s wife),
272
,
388

Kaminsky, Grigori,
312
,
317
,
478

Kandelaki, David,
256

Kannegiser, Leonid,
78
–9

Kapitsa, Piotr,
351
,
356
,
418

Kaplan, Fanny,
78
–9,
434

Kapler, Aleksei,
351
,
371
,
423

Karachai people,
390
–3

Karlson, Karl,
299

Kartashov, Spiridon,
263
,
475

Karutsky, Vasili,
298

Kashirin, Nikolai,
314

Katyn forest massacres (1940),
362
–70,
372
,
381
,
402

Kazakhs,
417

Kazakhstan,
180
,
360
–1,
390
–1,
394

Kazakov, Ignati,
220
,
278

Kazan,
255
,
463

Kedrov, Igor,
348

Kedrov, Dr Mikhail,
68
,
80
,
111
,
202
,
335
,
347
–8,
388

Kennedy, John F.,
447

Kerensky, Alexander,
53
–4,
64
–5

Kersky, Sergei,
11

Ketskhoveli brothers,
10

Ketskhoveli, Lado,
12
–13,
24
,
27
,
49

Ketskhoveli, Vano,
24

Khaiutina, Natalia (Ezhov’s foster-daughter),
325
,
329

Khanjian, Agasi,
339
,
479

Kharkov,
115
,
464

Kharms, Daniil,
320

Khodasevich, Vladislav,
210

Kholmogory (extermination camp),
130

Kholodov, Dmitri,
457

Khomiakov, Aleksei,
120

Khomuridze, Petre,
5

Khrushchiov, Nikita: speech at
20
th Party Congress,
xx
; on Nadezhda’s suicide,
233
–4,
472
; terror practices,
285
,
305
,
447
; in Ukraine,
324
; and Stalin’s misrust in wartime,
379
; Stalin favours,
380
; and succession to Stalin,
443
; opposes Beria’s liberal administration,
446
; and disorder in East Germany,
448
; plots Beria’s downfall,
448
–51; and punishment of Beria’s associates,
453
; death,
456
; ‘destalinization’,
456
–7

Khutsishvili, Vano (Stalin’s foster-brother),
8

Khvat, Aleksandr,
295
,
358
,
443
,
455
,
480

Kibirov, Ivan,
41
,
460

Kiev,
71
,
79

Kikodze, Geronti,
344
,
479

Kipling, Rudyard,
426

Kirov, Sergei: murdered,
xxii
-
xxiii
,
199
,
215
,
239
–42,
257
,
260
,
334
,
473
; bibliophilia,
21
; works with Stalin,
154
; and sentence on Riutin,
233
; friendship with Stalin,
241
; lying-in-state and funeral,
244
,
248
; Stalin’s terror following death of,
244
–5; reprisals for murder,
247
–8; and Kamenev-Zinoviev trial,
269
; and accusations against Iagoda,
275
–8; attitude to Beria,
334
–5

Kirshon, Vladimir,
278

Kizevetter, Aleksandr,
117

Kliuev, Nikolai,
211
,
213
,
218
,
318
,
320
–1,
421
;
The Country of Burnt-Out
Villages
,
189

Knipper-Chekhova, Olga,
166
–7

Kobulov, Amayak,
346
,
381
,
448
,
453

Kobulov, Bogdan: interrogates Ezhov,
328
; works with Beria,
328
,
346
,
349
–51,
353
,
479
; and killing of Kulik’s wife,
351
; punishes Gnedin,
353
; and killing of Polish officers,
365
–6,
371
,
388
; encourages Abakumov,
383
; and Oriol prison killings,
388
; and ethnic deportations,
391
–4; honoured,
393
; runs post-war anti-guerrilla campaign,
398
; investigates Doctors’ plot,
443
; hated by Kruglov and Serov,
448
; indicted,
452