Stalin and His Hangmen (97 page)

Rakovsky, Khristian,
174

Ramzin, Leonid,
161
–3,
467

Ranković, Aleksandar,
439

Rapallo, Treaty of (1922),
254

Rapava, Akvsenti,
326
,
350
,
417
,
438
,
453

Rapoport, Iakov,
176
,
346

Raskolnikov (Ilin), Fiodor,
90
,
460

Rasputin, Grigori,
11
,
465
–6

Ratner, Jenka,
427

Razgon, Lev,
290

Red Army: created by Trotsky,
54
,
66
; clothing and equipment shortages,
75
; Cheka killings in,
79
; and ‘
spetsy
’,
85
–6; defeated by Poles,
88
; evades Stalin’s control,
107
; and repression of peasants,
110
,
177
; potential opposition to Stalin,
228
–9; pre-war collaboration with Germans,
254
,
313
; leadership purged,
277
,
313
–16,
349
,
381
,
385
; lacks moral restraints,
286
; in Winter War against Finland,
365
,
370
,
379
; setbacks at German invasion (1941),
377
–9; intelligence services destroyed,
381
–2; monitored and persecuted in war,
384
–5; wartime success,
387
; casualties,
389
,
395
; post-war behaviour,
404
; post-war repression of,
409

Red Sword, The
(journal),
71

Redens, Stanislav,
91
,
191
,
221
,
275
,
336
,
345

Reilly, Sidney (Shlomo Rozenblium),
138
–9,
466

Reisner, Larisa,
77
,
90

religion: state campaign against,
119
–24,
190
,
245

Removér (Hungarian woman chekist),
80

Riabushinsky, Pavel,
161
–2

Ribbentrop, Joachim von,
254
,
354
,
361
,
369

Riumin, Mikhail,
380
,
432
–4,
436
,
438
,
441
,
443
–4,
455
–6,
484

Riutin, Martemian,
154
,
231
–4,
472

Robakidze, Grigol,
341
,
343
,
479
;
The
Murdered Soul
,
22
,
435

Robeson, Paul,
437

Rodos, Boris,
328
–9,
347
–8,
453
,
478

Roginsky, Grigori,
349
,
474
,
480

Röhm, Erich,
253

Rokossovsky, Marshal Konstantin,
407

Rolland, Romain,
215
,
222
–3,
311
,
471
,
477

Romania,
401
,
442

Romanov dynasty: tercentenary (1913),
39
–40; family killed,
95

Romm, Mikhail,
437

Ronchevsky (lawyer),
74

Roosevelt: and Soviet anti-Jewish measures,
370
; embraces Stalin as ally,
378
; attends Yalta conference,
394
;

supposed demand for end to collectivization,
405

Rosenberg, Alfred,
253
,
314

Roskin, Grigori,
421

Rosół, Antek,
60

Rossel (Swedish engineer),
261

Rozanov, Dr Pavel,
115

Rozanov, Vasili:
The Apocalypse of Our
Time
,
127

Rozanov, Dr Vladimir,
234
,
472

Rozenblium, Anna,
348

Rudenko, Roman,
451
–3,
461

Rudzutak, Jan,
187
,
311

Rukhadze, Nikolai,
380
,
438
,
441
,
443
–5,
456

Rumer, Iuri,
356

Russell, Bertrand,
208

Russia: defeats Turkey (1877),
4
; Japan defeats (1905),
4
; revolutionary conditions,
4
; parliament (Duma) formed,
30
–2; tolerance of revolutionaries,
31
–2; corruption and weakness in,
32
–3,
36
; and move to World War I,
32
–3; provisional government (1917),
42
,
53
; in World War I,
42
,
53
,
81
;
see also
Soviet Union

Russian Association of Proletarian Writers and the Proletarian Theatre,
166

Russian General Warriors’ Union,
170
–1

Russian Liberation Army (Vlasovites),
403

Russian Social Democrat Party, clandestine congress (Tampere, Finland, 1905),
28

Rustaveli, Shota,
340
–1

Rutherford, Ernest, Baron,
168
,
418

Rykov, Aleksei: Stalin meets,
39
; in Politbiuro,
67
; made Prime Minister on Lenin’s death,
93
; attitude to Dzierżyński,
97
; reads works for publication,
118
; and campaign against Church,
122
; and succession to Lenin,
145
; Bukharin and,
153
,
154
; peasant policy,
181
–2; ousted by Stalin,
195
,
356
; and Iagoda,
204
,
276
; replaced by Molotov,
230
; cited in Kamenev-Zinoviev trial,
268
; under threat,
273
; and Ezhov,
290
; trial,
307
,
309
–10

Sablin, Nikolai,
172

Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de,
46

Sadzghelashvili, Giorgi,
9

Saenko (chekist executioner),
80

Safonov, Grigori,
451

Saianov, Vissarion,
419

St Petersburg
see
Leningrad

Sajaia, Aleksi (‘Dr Kalinichenko’),
68
,
345

Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail:
The Tale of
the Zealous Leader
,
312

Samara,
388

Sarkisov, R.S.,
344
,
455

Savinkov, Boris,
137
–8,
170
,
434

Savonarola, Girolamo,
119

Schacht, Hjalmar,
256

Schneiderovich, Dr,
47

Schulenburg, Count Fredrich Werner von der,
381
,
387

science: controlled,
280
–1,
355
–6;
see also
atom bomb

Sechenov, Ivan,
168

Sedov, Lev (Trotsky’s son),
147
,
172
,
325

Sedov, Sergei (Trotsky’s son),
478

Sedova, Natalia (Trotsky’s second wife),
14
,
90
,
121
,
173

Semashko, Nikolai,
117
,
201

Semionov, M.I.,
304

Serebriakov, Leonid,
268
,
307

Serge, Victor,
215

Sergei, Grand Duke: assassinated,
65

Sergi (Ivan Stargorodsky), Patriarch,
123
,
405

Serov, Ivan,
346
,
391
,
394
,
399
–400,
418
,
448
,
454

Shaginian, Marinetta,
474

Shakhmatov, Aleksei,
115

Shakhty trial,
140
,
156
,
158
–9,
210

Shakhurin, Aleksei,
416

Shapiro (Stalin’s dentist),
47
,
461

Shaposhnikov, Boris,
314

Sharia, Petre,
430
,
454

Shatunovskaia, Lidia,
423

Shavdia, Teimuraz,
438

Shaw, George Bernard,
222
–3,
271

Shchastny, Admiral A.M.,
114

Sheboldaev, Boris,
187

Sheinin, Lev,
247
,
371
,
432

Shifris,
476

Shkiriatov, Matvei,
190
,
322
,
429
,
431
,
433

Shklovsky, Victor,
213
,
407
,
470

Shliapnikov, Aleksandr,
100
,
131

Sholokhov, Mikhail,
190
–1,
215
–16,
270
,
321
–2,
326
;
Quiet Flows the Don
,
321

Shostakovich, Dmitri,
219

Shpigelglas, Sergei,
325

Shtein, Boris,
353

Shtein, I.V.,
296

Shtemenko, General Sergei,
438
,
448

Shtern, Lina,
429
,
437

Shubin, S.P.,
356

Shubniakov, Fiodor,
428

Shulgin, Vasili,
139

Shumiatsky, Boris,
480

Shvartsman, Lev,
346
–7,
353
,
433
–4,
440
,
453
,
479
,
483

Shvernik, Nikolai,
369
,
414

Sidney Street (London), siege of (1911),
69

Sikharulidze (Beria’s bodyguard),
344

Sikorski, Władysław,
368
–9,
424
–5

Simonov, Konstantin,
406

Siqueiros, David,
373
,
481

Skoblin, General Nikolai,
172

Slánský, Rudolf,
441
–2

Slutsky, Abram,
297

SMERSH (‘Death to Spies’),
383
,
401
–3

Smilga, Ivar,
173

Smirnov, Aleksandr,
29

Smirnov, Ivan,
174
,
267
–8,
270

Smirnov-Svetlovsky, Piotr,
349

Snesarev, Andrei,
85

Sochi,
409
,
414
,
421

Social Revolutionaries,
66
–9,
84

Sokolnikov (Hirsch), Grigori,
129
,
268

Sokolovsky, Ilia,
115

Sologub, Fiodor,
111
,
465

Solovetsky islands (Solovki),
211
,
343
,
466

Soloviov, Vladimir,
5
,
163

Solvychegodsk,
34
–5

Soprunenko, Piotr Karpovich,
363
–6,
397

Sorge, Richard,
381
,
387
,
389
,
480

Soviet Union (USSR): population decline,
81
; death rates,
82
; death penalty abolished and reintroduced,
95
–6,
114
,
422
,
431
; deports intellectuals,
116
–17; size of bureaucracy,
130
–1; dealings with foreign countries,
171
; economic weakness,
174
; rebellions in,
191
; German military collaboration with,
254
–5; science and technology in,
280
–1,
355
–6; acquiescence in terror,
285
–6; Germans invade (1941),
361
,
377
; wartime scorched earth policy,
389
,
395
; wartime casualties,
395
;
see
also
Great Patriotic War; Russia

Spandaryan, Suren,
26
–7,
41
–3

Spanish Civil War,
307
,
351
–2

‘Special sessions’ (
oso
),
250

Speer, Albert, xix

Spiridonova, Mariia,
388
,
461

Stalin, Joseph (born Ioseb Jughashvili): compared with Hitler,
xviii
-
xix
,
251
–4; birth and background,
4
–9,
13
–16; autodidacticism and schooling,
9
–10; ill-health and accidents,
9
,
46
–7; nicknames and pseudonyms,
9
,
21
,
28
,
29
,
30
; attends Tbilisi seminary,
10
–13; atheism,
12
,
423
; embraces Marxism,
12
–13; illegitimate children,
13
,
35
,
41
; accent and languages,
15
–16,
21
; writes poetry,
15
,
17
–20,
107
; interest in literature and theatre,
16
–18,
20
,
110
,
166
–7,
359
; adopts name Koba,
18
,
27
; religious ideas,
19
,
56
; erudition and reading,
20
–4; exiles and imprisonments,
20
,
26
–7,
30
–1,
33
–5,
40
–2,
64
; organizes tram workers’ strike (1900),
24
,
27
; early revolutionary activities,
25
–8,
30
; appearance,
26
; suspected of being police collaborator,
27
,
29
,
37
,
48
–9; attends congresses of Russian Social Democrat Party,
28
–30; relations and marriage with Kato Svanidze,
28
–9,
45
; meets future associates,
29
,
38
–9; writes political works,
29
,
38
,
49
; expelled from Social Democrat Party for terrorism,
30
; son by Kato,
30
; travels to see Lenin in Germany and Switzerland,
30
; relations with Stefaniia Petrovskaia,
34
–5; and Polina Onufrieva,
35
,
45
,
59
; in Kraków and Vienna,
38
–9,
43
; organizes Bolshevik campaign for
4
th Duma election,
38
; personal manner,
38
–9,
42
,
98
; rise to power,
39
,
56
,
98
,
124
–8,
130
–4,
145
; seduces Lidia Pereprygina,
41
–2,
45
; correspondence with Demian Bedny,
43
–4,
88
–90,
131
; devotion to Lenin,
43
–4,
49
; friendlessness and isolation,
43
,
49
,
90
; relationships with wives and children,
44
–6; austerity,
46
,
87
; marriage to Nadezhda,
46
; sexual life,
46
; ruthlessness,
47
–50,
82
,
86
,
244
–5; arrives in Petrograd (1917),
53
; in joint purge with Cheka in Petrograd (June 1919),
70
; early terror methods,
81
; Dzierżyński works with,
85
,
87
–90,
98
; in Tsaritsyn,
85
,
85
–7,
87
; feud with Trotsky,
86
,
92
,
100
,
131
–2,
202
; and war with Poland,
88
; disparages Georgia,
89
; in succession to Lenin,
93
,
125
–6,
145
–6,
148
; and Cheka in peacetime,
94
–5; economic ineptness,
97
; Dzierżyński’s disillusion with,
100
; and Menzhinsky,
106
–7,
110
; collectivization policy,
107
,
148
; campaign against peasants,
111
,
130
,
146
–52,
175
,
179
,
182
,
185
,
187
,
191
,
207
; reads military works for publication,
118
–19; suppresses Orthodox Church,
119
–20,
122
–3; official posts,
124
–5,
130
; recruits personnel,
124
; Lenin condemns in testament,
126
; eliminates rivals,
130
,
153
,
155
,
280
; has prisoners shot,
130
; debates at Party gatherings,
131
; dispute with Zinoviev and Kamenev,
132
–4; dominates OGPU,
132
,
140
–1; and Savinkov’s death,
138
; show trials and reprisals,
139
–40,
156
–60,
305
; suspicion of Britain,
139
; holidays,
140
,
267
,
293
,
338
,
409
,
414
,
421
; expedition to Siberia (1928),
145
,
148
–9; Bukharin conspires against,
153
–5; campaign against intelligentsia and scientists,
164
–6,
352
–3,
358
,
408
,
419
; and OGPU operations abroad,
170
–1; fiftieth birthday celebrations,
174
; inaugurates five-year plans,
174
,
177
; kulaks write to,
181
; covers up famine stories,
189
; Gorky likens to flea,
193
; dictatorship,
195
–6,
280
–1; bodyguards,
198
; promotes Ezhov,
200
,
292
–3; and Gorky’s return from Capri,
209
–12,
214
; feud with Bukharin,
215
; made editor of
Izvestiia
,
215
; views on art,
216
,
224
,
252
; vilifies Shostakovich,
219
; and Gorky’s death,
221
; impresses Rolland,
222
; lampooned by writers,
225
; prospective coups against,
229
–32; and wife’s suicide,
233
–4; assassination fears,
234
–5,
281
; anti-terrorist decree,
239
–40; and Kirov murder,
239
–40,
242
–4; Great Terror campaign,
244
–5,
249
,
285
,
304
,
312
,
323
; acts against supposed Kirov conspirators,
246
–7; mocked in Prezent’s diary,
249
–50; anti-Semitism,
254
,
423
–7,
429
,
436
; secret dealings with Hitler,
256
; fondness for Kollontai,
259
–60; exploits family values,
261
–2; policy on children,
262
–3; and Morozov affair,
263
; and trial and execution of Kamenev and Zinoviev,
266
–72; attacks Iagoda,
275
; hymn-singing,
285
; and Lakoba’s murder,
295
; Russian chauvinism,
297
; authorizes torture methods,
298
,
300
,
349
; and Bukharin’s trial,
307
–11; purges Red Army officers,
312
–16; purges Comintern,
316
–17; and Ezhov’s downfall and execution,
327
–9; advances Beria,
337
–8; admires Gamsakhurdia’s writings,
344
; relations with Beria,
345
; protects Zemliachka,
347
; and Beria’s NKVD operations,
350
–1; pact with Hitler (1939),
351
,
359
; and Spanish Civil War,
351
–2; change in personality and administration (1939),
359
; and occupation and division of Poland,
362
; authorizes Katyn massacres,
365
; and fate of Polish officers,
369
; and cinema,
371
–2,
420
; disbelieves Hitler’s invasion of USSR,
371
,
381
–2,
387
–8; recasts Russian nationalism,
371
; welcomes death of Trotsky,
373
–4; wartime administration and appointments,
378
–80,
383
,
390
; ageing and health decline,
379
,
409
,
413
,
430
,
436
; concedes Soviet lack of atom bomb,
382
; introduces execution by public hanging,
384
; and effect of war on Soviet society,
387
; infrequency of visits to front,
390
; detests Ingush and Chechens,
392
; attends Yalta conference,
394
; and prisoner of war deaths,
396
; post-war regime and tyranny,
403
–4,
413
–14; and rehabilitation of Church,
405
; and biology,
413
; and linguistics,
413
; and atomic bomb project,
418
; abolishes death penalty (1947),
422
; campaign against Leningrad,
430
–2; paranoia,
430
,
436
; and ‘Doctors’ plot’,
433
,
435
–6; bullies Ignatiev,
434
; succession question,
435
; death,
437
,
442
; orders purges in eastern Europe,
439
–41; atrocities revealed after death,
445
; legacy,
457
–8; terror unexpiated,
457
; ‘Marxism and the Nationalist Question’,
38
;
Short Course
,
227
,
385