Stalin's Genocides (19 page)

succession struggle, 45–47;

Katyn, massacre of Polish of-

the Great October Revolu-

ficers at, 20, 91–92

tion, Stalin’s support during,

Kazakhstan, famine as genocide

42–43; impact on Stalin,

in, 75–77

33, 35, 40–41; nationalities,

Kazbegi, A., 38

policies on, 80; the Russian

index 159

Civil War, Stalin’s support

early Bolshevik policies re-

during, 43; Russian peasantry,

garding, 80–81; foreign com-

revolutionary qualities of and

munists in the Soviet Union,

policies towards, 51–53

actions against, 86; Great

Levene, Mark, 24

Russian people, campaign to

Lithuania.
See
Baltic countries

extol, 94; the Great Terror

Litvinov, Maxim, 74

and, 84–87, 118–19; initial

Ludwig, Emil, 37

actions against Germans and

Poles, 84–86; the Kazakhs,

Malia, Martin, 35

destruction of, 75–77; Muslim

Marxism: the peasantry and, 51;

peoples, actions against,

Stalin’s first exposure to, 39

93–97, 135; Stalin’s transfor-

Medvedev, Dmitri, 27

mation of policies regarding,

Meri, Arnold, 27

81, 97–98; threats of war and

Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 112–14

infiltration as stated reasons

Mikoyan, Anastas, 47, 103

for campaign against, 82–84;

Milos˘evic´, Slobodan, 77

Ukrainian nationalism, 72

Molotov, Vyacheslav: fear of for-

(
see also
Ukrainian famine

eign invasion, political use of,

[the Holodomor]); World War

54; on Lenin, 144n.14; Po-

II–era attacks against, 88–93

land, enthusiasm for German

Nazi-Soviet Pact, 18, 20, 88–89,

and Soviet efforts against,

91–92

91–92; preparations for show

Nekrich, Alexander, 93

trials, participation in, 103;

New Economic Policy (NEP),

purges and mass killings,

45, 53, 55

reasons for, 6–7; Stalin’s pres-

Nikitichenko, I., 18

sure, unflinching response to,

NKVD (People’s Commis-

31; as subordinate of Stalin,

sariat for Internal Affairs):

47–48; the Ukrainian famine,

the Baltic states, actions in,

actions regarding, 72, 74, 79

25, 27; Beria’s purging of, 88,

Moscow show trials, 18–19,

119; Chechens, battles with,

100–6

94; Chechens and Ingush,

Muslim peoples, genocidal ac-

forced deportation of, 95–96;

tions against, 93–97

data reports from, veracity of,

11–12; forced deportation of

nationalities: attacks on, geno-

large numbers of people, les-

cidal characteristics of, 135;

sons learned regarding, 88;

160

index

NKVD (
cont
.)

People’s Commissariat for Inter-

the Great Terror carried out

nal Affairs.
See
NKVD

by, 111, 117–20; Katyn mas-

Piatakov, Georgy, 101, 103

sacre by, 20, 90–91; the Poles,

Pipes, Richard, 144n.14

campaign against, 85–86;

Poland: Katyn massacre,

social cleansing campaigns by,

20, 91–92; Nazi operation

66–68; torture by, 112–15;

against, 91

Yagoda, replacement and

Poles: anti-Polonism, 92; at-

purging of, 104, 107

tacks against during World

Nuremberg trials, 17–20, 91–92

War II, 89–93 (
see also
Katyn,

massacre of Polish officers

October (Russian) Revolution,

at); Stalin’s ambivalence

42–43, 51–52

regarding, 149n.6; as target

OGPU (United State Political

of Soviet campaign against

Administration): arrests of

nationalities, 81–82, 84–87,

Ukrainian peasants during

135

the famine, 73; data reports

Polish-Soviet War of 1920–21,

from, veracity of, 11–12; the

45

kulak problem, reports and

Pol Pot, 109

actions regarding, 56–61,

purges of 1937-38.
See
Great

66–67

Terror, the

“On the National Question”

(Stalin), 80

Radek, Karl, 101, 103, 105

Operation Tannenberg, 91

railway administration, purging

Order 00447, 67–68, 110,

of, 83–84, 119–20

134

Rayfield, Donald, 9

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano,

Passov, Z. I., 139–40n.3

16–17

passportization campaign, 65

Russian Civil War (1918–1921),

peasants: during the Civil War

43–44, 52

and the New Economic Policy,

Russian Revolution (Great

52–53; the problem of, 51;

October Revolution), 42–43,

during the revolution, 51–52;

51–52

solidarity among
vs.
image of

Rustaveli, Shota, 38

the “kulak,” 55–56; Stalin’s

Rykov, Alexey: in the post-Lenin

actions against (
see

struggle for power, 47–48;

dekulakization)

Stalin’s break with, 55; Sta-

index 161

lin’s pre-trial attacks on, 105;

38, 41; Lenin and, 33, 35,

trial of, 101, 103

40–43, 80; motivations for

mass killings, 5–8; personality

Sebag Montefiore, Simon, 9

of a mass murderer, making

second civil war, 57–58

of and factors accounting for,

Second Revolution, 53–54,

33–35, 132–33; Polish-Soviet

81.
See also
collectivization;

War, activities in, 45; radi-

dekulakization

cal activities prior to 1917,

Sedov, Lev, 106

39–42; Russian Civil War,

Service, Robert, 9, 45

activities in, 43–44; Soso

Shearer, David, 119

as childhood nickname of,

Sholokhov, Mikhail, 74

37–39; successor to Lenin,

smychka,
53

the struggle for power over,

social “others,” campaign

45–49; Trotsky and, 43–45;

against, 65–68, 134

xenophobic and paranoid

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 59

personality of, 32, 49–50, 54,

Soso (Stalin’s childhood nick-

83–84, 106, 120

name), 37–39

Stalinism, birth of in the Civil

special settlements, 59–63

War, 44

Srebrenica, massacre in, 9, 26,

Suny, Ronald G., 9, 109

77

Svanidze, Ekaterina “Kato,” 34

Stalin, Josef: as an editor, 41;

birth of, 35–36; as the crucial

Tatars, Crimean, 93, 97, 135

figure in mass killings during

“Testament” (Lenin), 46

his regime, 14, 132, 137;

Tomsky, Mikhail: in the post-

cruel and brutal personal-

Lenin struggle for power,

ity of, 30–32; education of,

47–48; Stalin’s break with,

37–39; family and cultural

55; Stalin’s pre-trial attacks

background, 35–38; genocidal

on, 105; trial of, 101, 103

actions by (
see
dekulakiza-

torture, 112–16

tion; Great Terror, the; na-

Trainin, Aron, 19

tionalities; Ukrainian famine

Trotsky, Lev: conflict between

[the Holodomor]); Great

Stalin and, 43–45; in the

October Revolution, activities

post-Lenin struggle for power,

in, 42–43; Katyn massacre

46–48; Stalin’s paranoid

ordered by, 20; Koba as first

delusions about, 106; trial in

underground pseudonym of,

absentia of, 101

162

index

Tucker, Robert, 106

regime, numerical totals for,

Tukhachevskii, Mikhail, 115–16

131–32; at the Nuremberg

trials, 17–20; official numbers

Ukrainian famine (the Holodo-

from security police organi-

mor): collectivization and

zations, veracity of, 11–12;

the battle with the peasantry,

population of in 1938, 31.
See

71–73; economic and political

also
Stalin, Josef

background of, 70–73; as

United Nations: convention on

genocide, question of, 26,

genocide (
see
U.N. Conven-

70, 74–75, 77–79, 134–35;

tion on the Prevention and

Holodomor, derivation of the

Punishment of the Crime of

word, 70; mass deportation

Genocide); General Assem-

impossible following, 93;

bly resolution 96 (I), 20–21;

national groups, as part of as-

plans for creating, 17

sault on, 81; Stalin’s actions,

United State Political Adminis-

72–74; Stalin’s reaction to the

tration.
See
OGPU

agonies of, 32, 74; target of,

United States, opposition to

argument regarding, 29

Soviet proposal for expand-

Ukrainians, 87

ing the scope of the genocide

U.N. Convention on the Preven-

convention, 23

tion and Punishment of the

Crime of Genocide: adoption

Vaksberg, Arkady, 18

of final version of, 23; lan-

van Ree, Eric, 149n.6

guage of, Stalin’s crimes and,

Viola, Lynne, 60

15, 124–25; origins of, 15–23;

Volkogonov, Dmitri, 9, 30

political and social groups

Voroshilov, Klement, 43, 47, 103

included in potential victims

Vyshinsky, Andrey, 18, 101–2,

of genocide, issue of, 3–4,

115

16–17, 21–24, 29, 132; Soviet

interest in, initial lack of, 19

war, need to prepare for.
See

Union of Soviet Socialist Re-

foreign threats

publics: anti-Hitler alliance,

Werth, Nicolas, 62–63

impact of participation in,

Wheatcroft, Steven G., 147n.2

16–17; genocide conven-

“working toward the Führer,”

tion, positions regarding, 19,

110

21–24, 132; Jews in, 32–33;

World War II: attacks against

loss of life under the Stalin

Poles during, 89–93 (
see also

index 163

Katyn, massacre of Polish

genocidal character and ac-

officers at); purges and mass

tions of, 107–9; Order 00447,

killings were preparation for,

introduction of, 67; the Poles,

belief that, 6–7; release of

campaign against, 85; prepa-

kulaks from special settle-

rations for show trials, par-

ments to fight in, 68; Stalin’s

ticipation in, 103; replace-

leadership during, 32

ment of, 88, 119; replacement

of Yagoda as chief of the

Yagoda, Genrikh, dekulakiza-

NKVD, 104, 107; torture by,

tion campaigns entrusted to,

115–16

58; as chief of OGPU, Stalin’s

objections to, 106–7; purging

Zhdanov, Andrei, 68

of, 107; show trials, participa-

Zhemchuzhina, Polina, 6

tion in preparations for and as

Zinoviev, Grigory: confession

a target of, 103–4

of, 105; in the post-Lenin

Yakovlev, Alexander, 12

struggle for power, 46–47; in

Yezhov, Nikolai: administration

the Revolution, 43; trial of,

of the Great Terror, 110, 114;

100, 103