Strange Rebels: 1979 and the Birth of the 21st Century (66 page)

12
.
The Deng Xiaoping Era: An Inquiry into the Fate of Chinese Socialism
, 1978–1994, Maurice Meisner, 82.

13
. “Deng’s Legacy,”
MacNeil Lehrer Report (Online News Hour)
, February 25, 1997.

1
.
http://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail-03.htm
.

2
. Interview with Tom Ricks, CNN, October 29, 2009,
http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0910/29/ampr.01.html
.

3
.
An Historical Guide to Kabul
, Nancy Hatch Dupree.

4
.
Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History
, Thomas Barfield, 321. Barfield notes that there were two localized uprisings in the intervening period: the Safi rebellion of 1946 and an uprising over taxes in Kandahar in 1959. Both were short-lived affairs that were resolved as soon as the underlying grievances were addressed.

5
.
The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System
, Barnett Rubin, 65 (Pakistan edition).

6
.
Afghanistan
, Barfield, 221.

7
.
Fragmentation of Afghanistan
, Rubin, 70.

8
. Ibid., 43.

9
. Ibid., 39.

10
. Ibid., 44.

1
.
Shah of Shahs
, Ryszard Kapuściński, 56.

2
.
The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran
, Said Amir Arjomand, 106–107.

3
.
Iran Between Two Revolutions
, Ervand Abrahamian, 470.

4
.
Daughter of Persia
, Farman Farmaian, 262–263.

5
.
Occidentosis: A Plague from the West
, Jalal Al-i Ahmad, 34.

6
.
Turban for the Crown
, Arjomand, no.

7
. Ibid., 85.

8
. “A Persian Night of Kings, Queens, Sheiks, Sultans, and Diamonds,” Charlotte Curtis,
New York Times
, October 15, 1971.

9
.
The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America
, Kenneth M. Pollack, 108.

10
.
Turban for the Crown
, Arjomand, 11.

11
.
Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution
, Misagh Parsa, 183.

1
. Journalist Richard Vinen points out that the number of days lost in the industrial unrest of 1978–1979 was far smaller than the comparable figure in the General Strike of 1926. But this is a bit beside the point. Even for those who didn’t experience an immediate impact, it was still hard to escape a growing impression that the United Kingdom was descending into industrial anarchy.
Thatcher’s Britain
, Vinen, 96–97.

2
.
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/103924
.

3
. Richard Vinen in
Financial Times
, January 6, 2012,
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/o/f140504a-3714–11e1-b74100144feabdco.html#axzz23YMXCoxm
.

4
. “Commission on Social Justice: Beveridge’s Appeal for an Attack on Five Giant Evils: The Beveridge Report Turned Its Author into a Hero—’The People’s William,’” Nicholas Timmins,
Independent
, October 25, 1994,
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/commission-on-social-justice-beveridges-appeal-for-an-attack-on-five-giant-evils-the-beveridge-report-turned-its-author-into-a-hero—the-peoples-william-nicholas-timmins-reports-1444837.html
.

5
.
The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy
, Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw.

6
.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/election_01.shtml
>.

7
.
The Audit of War
, Correlli Barnett, 31–32.

8
.
http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/man/lab45.htm
.

9
.
Commanding Heights
, Yergin and Stanislaw, 22–23.

10
. Ibid., 5.

11
.
Keynes, the Keynesians, and Monetarism
, Tim Congdon, 2.

12
. Labour Party general secretary Morgan Phillips famously remarked that “socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx.”

13
.
http://new.gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/50
/.

14
.
http://new.gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/wesley/sermons/92
/.

15
.
Margaret Thatcher, Volume One: The Grocery’s Daughter
, John Campbell, 29.

16
. Ibid., 57.

17
. Richard Cockett,
Thinking the Unthinkable
, 167.

18
.
One of Us: Life of Margaret Thatcher
, Hugo Young, 58.

19
.
Margaret Thatcher, Volume One: The Grocery’s Daughter
, John Campbell, 184.

20
. Ibid., 179–180.

21
. Ibid., 186.

22
. Ibid., 186–187.

23
.
Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt & Fox to Blair & Brown
, John Campbell, 336–337.

1
. “A Foreign Pope,”
Time
, October 30, 1978,
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229,00.html
.

2
.
Man from a Far Country: An Informal Portrait of Pope John Paul II
, Mary Craig, 14–15.

3
. “Karol Wojtyła, the Pope: Complications for Comrades of the Polish United Workers’ Party,” Marcin Zaremba, 325.
Cold War History
5, no. 3 (August 2005).

4
.
The End and the Beginning: Pope John Paul II—the Victory of Freedom, the Last Years, the Legacy
, George Weigel, 100.

5
.
John Paul II: Man of History
, Edward Stourton, 60.

6
.
Witness to Hope: The Biography of John Paul II
, 1920–2005, George Weigel, 73.

7
.
http://www.allthingsbeautiful.com/all_things_beautiful/2006/03/pope_john_paul_.html
.

8
.
Witness to Hope
, Weigel, 130.

9
.
http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html
.

10
.
Witness to Hope
, Weigel, 188–193.

11
. Ibid., 195.

12
.
The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB
, Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, 509.

13
.
Man from a Far Country
, Craig, 24–25.

14
. Ibid., 29.

15
.
Sword and Shield
, Andrew and Mitrokhin, 512.

16
. “A Pope for All the People,”
Economist
, October 21, 1978.

17
. “Progress or Threat,” chapter 16 of
Redemptor Hominis
, Pope John Paul II,
http://www.vatican.va/edocs/ENG0218/PH.HTM#$2U
.

18
.
Wizyta Jana Pawła II w Polsce 1979: Dokumenty KC PZPR i MSW
edited by Andrzej Friszke and Marcin Zaremba, 84.

19
.
Sword and Shield
, Andrew and Mitrokhin, 509.

20
. “Karol Wojtyła, the Pope,” Zaremba, 325.

21
. “Poland: Saintly Hint,”
Economist
, December 30, 1978.

1
.
Inside Iran: Life Under Khomeini’s Regime
, John Simpson.

2
.
Iran Between Two Revolutions
, Ervand Abrahamian, 531–532.

3
.
Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah
, Baqer Moin, 10.

4
. Vladimir Lenin’s devotion to revolution was sparked by the execution of his brother for a political offense when he was a young man.

5
.
Khomeini
, Moin, 21.

6
.
Creating an Islamic State: Khomeini and the Making of the New Iran
, Vanessa Martin, 35.

7
. “The Shah and the Marja’s Power,” Manal Lufti,
al-Sharq Alawsat
, February 20, 2009.

8
.
Pioneers of Islamic Revival
, Ali Rahnema, 80–81.

9
.
Iran Between Two Revolutions
, Abrahamian, 425.

10
.
The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran
, Said Amir Arjomand, 85.

11
.
The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution
, Shaul Bakhash, 24–27.

12
. Ibid., 28. See also
Turban for the Crown
, Arjomand, 86.

13
.
Reign of the Ayatollahs
, Bakhash, 30.

14
. Ibid., 34.

15
. Ibid.

16
.
Khomeini
, Moin, 52.

17
.
Reign of the Ayatollahs
, Bakhash, 32–33.

18
. Ibid., 38.

19
.
Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (1941–1980)
, translated and annotated by Hamid Algar, 204–205.

20
.
Turban for the Crown
, Arjomand, 96.

21
. Ibid., 101.

22
.
The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran
, Charles Kurzman, 27–28.

1
.
Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad
, David B. Edwards, 47.

2
. Of course, one can always make the case that the United States ended up betraying (or at least qualifying) its own ideals by allying itself with anticommunist tyrants around the world—people Washington’s propaganda often portrayed as “democrats” when they were no such thing. Yet there were also many cases when US presidents criticized their authoritarian allies for violating the precepts of good behavior—as when Kennedy urged the shah toward reform in the early 1960s.

3
.
The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan
, Gregory Feifer, 21.

4
.
Before Taliban
, Edwards, 128.

5
. Ibid., 134–135.

6
. Ibid., 139.

7
.
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
, Steve Coll, 114.

8
.
Ghost Wars
, Steve Coll, 116.

1
. Author’s interview with Mohsen Sazegara, Washington, DC, Jan. 7, 2010.

2
.
The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran
, Said Amir Arjomand, 106–108.

3
. Author’s interview with Mohsen Sazegara, Jan. 7, 2010.

4
.
Iran Between Two Revolutions
, Ervand Abrahamian, 464.

5
. This stand against Osman, who was not related to the Prophet, also identified Abu Zarr as a prototypical Shiite, since Shiites believe that the proper line of succession to Muhammad runs through his descendants rather than his companions.

6
. “In Paris at the height of the Algerian and Cuban revolutions, he immersed himself in student politics as well as radical political philosophy.” Ibid., 465.

7
. For a more detailed discussion of these Islamist thinkers, see Chapter 16.

8
.
An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shariati
, Ali Rahnema, 226.

9
. Ibid., 325–326.

1
.
Deng Xiaoping Shakes the World
, Yu Guangyuan, 21.

2
.
Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China
, Ezra F. Vogel, 193.

3
. Ezra Vogel,
Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China
, 103–109.

4
. “The 1979 Truth Criterion Controversy,” Michael Schoenhals.
The Chinese Quarterly
, no. 126 (June 1991).

5
.
The Deng Xiaoping Era: An Inquiry into the Fate of Chinese Socialism
, 1978–1994, Maurice Meisner, 91.

6
. Ibid.

7
.
The China Reader: The Reform Era
, edited by Orville Schell and David Shambaugh, 158.

8
.
Coming Alive! China After Mao
, Roger Garside, 212.

9
. “China’s Winds of Change,” David Butler, Holger Jensen, and Lars-Erik Nelson.

10
.
Coming Alive!
, Garside, 220–221.