Taking Liberties: The War on Terror and the Erosion of American Democracy (41 page)

25
.  
ANDREW BACEVICH, THE LIMITS OF POWER
(New York: Holt 2009).

26
.  
See
BRUCE FEIN, CONSTITUTIONAL PERIL
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2008).

27
.  
See
Anthony Lewis,
Civil Liberties in a Time of Terror,
2003
WISC. L. REV,
257.

28
.  E. D. Kain,
Ron Paul Introduces the American Traveler Dignity Act,
WASH. EXAMINER,
Nov. 19, 2010,
http://washingtonexaminer.com/blogs/opinion-zone/2010/11/ron-paul-introduces-american-traveler-dignity-act#ixzz18aOQR4sJ
.

29
.  Amy Schatz,
Paul Camp, Liberals Unite on Spy Bill,
WALL ST. J.,
June 26, 2008,
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121443403835305037.html?mod=googlenews__wsj
.

30
.  
Bierfeldt v. Napolitano,
ACLU (Nov. 10, 2009),
http://www.aclu.org/national-security/bierfeldt-v-napolitano
.

31
.  Timothy Lynch,
Breaking Our Vicious Cycle: Preserving Civil Liberties While Fighting Terrorism,
POLICY ANALYSIS,
no. 443, 2002,
http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa443.pdf
.

32
.  
BENJAMIN H. FRIEDMAN, JIM HARPER,
&
CHRISTOPHER A. PREBLE, EDS., TERRORIZING OURSELVES
(Washington, DC: Cato Institute 2010).

33
.  
DAVID COLE, ENEMY ALIENS
(New York: New Press 2005).

Chapter 1

1
.  Al-Kidd v. Ashcroft, 580 F.3d 949, 953 (9th Cir. 2009),
aff’d en banc,
598 F.3d 1129 (9th Cir. 2010),
cert. granted,
__U.S.__, 131 S. Ct. 415 (2010).

2
.  My account of the circumstances surrounding Sami al-Hussayen’s arrest relies on interviews with lawyer David Nevin and Idaho Law Professor Liz Brandt, on court records, and on the admirable reporting of Maureen O’Hagan in
A Terrorism Case That Went Awry,
SEATTLE TIMES,
Nov. 22, 2004,
http://seattletimes. nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002097570_sami22m.html
, and by other reporters including Bob Fick,
Idaho Graduate Student Acquitted of Using Internet to Support Terrorism,
SEATTLE TIMES
, June 11, 2004,
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2001952936_webstudentacquitted10.html;
Sami al-Hussayen Case,
IDAHO PUB. TELEVISION,
May 27, 2004,
http://idahoptv.org/dialogue/diaShowPage.cfm?versionID=118747
(discussion with four reporters covering the trial); Betsy Hiel,
Trial Ties Suspect to Calls for Jihad,
PITTSBURGH TRIBUNE-REV.,
May 16, 2004,
http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/middleeastreports/s__194369. html;
and Betsy Z. Russell in the
IDAHO SPOKESMAN-REVIEW,
e.g.,
Sami Al-Hussayen on His Way Home,
July 22, 2004,
http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2004/jul/22/sami-al-hussayen-on-his-way-home/
.

3
.  Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Dep’t of State, A New Form DS 157, Supplemental Nonimmigrant Visa Application (2002),
http://travel.state.gov/visa/laws/telegrams/telegrams_1432.html
. The requirement applies to “all male nonimmigrant visa applicants between the ages of 16 and 45.”

4
.  
See
18 U.S.C. §§ 1001(a)(2); 1546(a) & 3238 (2006).

5
.  
See
Fox Butterfield,
A Nation Challenged: The Interviews; A Police Force Rebuffs F.B.I. on Querying Mideast Men,
N.Y. TIMES,
Nov. 21, 2001,
http://www. nytimes.com/2001/11/21/us/nation-challenged-interviews-police-force-rebuffs-fbi-querying-mideast-men.html
.

6
.  O’Hagan,
supra
note 2.

7
.  United States v. al-Hussayen, Second Superseding Indictment, No. CR 03–048 at 8–9, (D. Idaho Mar. 4, 2004),
http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/terrorism/usal-hussyn304sind2.pdf
.

8
.  Providing Material Support to Terrorists, 18 U.S.C. § 2339A.

9
.  Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969).

10
.  Betsy Z. Russell,
Free Speech or Terrorism?
IDAHO SPOKESMAN-REV.,
May 4, 2004,
http://www.spokesman.com/blogs/boise/2004/may/04/free-speech-or-terrorism/
.

11
.  Betsy Z. Russell,
Eye on Boise: Expert Cross-Examined,
IDAHO SPOKESMAN-REV.,
May 20, 2004,
http://www.spokesman.com/blogs/boise/2004/may/20/expert-cross-examined/
.

12
.  Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Pub. L. No. 103–322, § 120005(a), 108 Stat. 1796, 2022 (1994).

13
.  
Id
. at § 120005(c)(2).

14
.  
H.R. REP. NO.
104–383, at 81 (1995).

15
.  Patriot Act § 805(2)(B).

16
.  The only witness called by the defense was a former CIA official who testified that the website was analytical and did not bear the marks of terrorist-recruiting enterprises.
See
Betsy Z. Russell,
Terrorism Case Goes to Jury,
IDAHO SPOKESMAN-REV.,
June 2, 2004,
http://spokesmanclassifieds.com/pf.asp?date=060204&ID=s1525547
.

17
.  The sources for my account are interviews with Abdullah al-Kidd and his lawyer, Lee Gelernt, affidavits of Abdullah al-Kidd, the opinion in
al-Kidd,
580 F.3d 949, and Adam Liptak,
For Post-9/11 Material Witness, It Is a Terror of a Different Kind,
N.Y. TIMES,
Aug. 19, 2004,
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/19/politics/19witness.html
.

18
.  Liptak,
supra
note 17.

19
.  
Id
.

20
.  
FBI’s Fiscal Year 2004 Budget: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on the Dep’ts of Commerce, Justice & State, H. Appropriations Comm.,
108th Cong. (2003) (statement of Robert S. Mueller, III, Dir., FBI),
http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress03/mueller032703.htm
.

21
.  Release or Detention of a Material Witness, 18 U.S.C. § 3144.

22
.  United States v. Awadallah, 349 F.3d 42 (2d Cir. 2003),
cert. denied,
543 U.S. 1056 (2005). The District Court noted that Awadallah had been kept in solitary confinement for most of his stay and was continuously strip-searched and bruised. 349 F.3d at 47–48. A 2003 Inspector General Report confirmed that at least a few detainees like Awadallah were being treated abusively and that terrorism suspects were not distinguished from “uninvolved witnesses.”
See
OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GEN., U.S DEP’T OF JUSTICE, THE SEPTEMBER
11
DETAINEES: A REVIEW OF THE TREATMENT OF ALIENS
20 (2003),
http://www.justice.gov/oig/special/0306/full.pdf
.

23
.  United States v. Awadallah, 202 F. Supp. 2d 55, 61–79 (S.D.N.Y. 2002),
rev’d,
349 F.3d 42, 49–64 (2d Cir. 2003),
cert. denied,
543 U.S. 1056 (2005).

24
.  
See Witness to Abuse: Human Rights Abuses Under the Material Witness Law Since September 11,
17
HUM. RTS. WATCH,
no. 2(G), 2005 at 2,
http://www.aclu. org/files/FilesPDFs/materialwitnessreport.pdf;
see generally
Anjana Malhotra,
Overlooking Innocence: Refashioning the Material Witness Law to Indefinitely Detain Muslims Without Charges,
INT’L C.L. REP.
1–2 (2004),
http://www.aclu.org/files/iclr/malhotra.pdf
.

25
.  Patriot Act § 412. Detention of noncitizens who are expected to be deported may be extended up to six months.

26
.  Al-Kidd, 580 F.3d at 953.

27
.  Al-Kidd v. Ashcroft, 598 F.3d 1129 (9th Cir. 2010) (en
banc)
(8 judges dissenting),
cert. granted,
__U.S.__, 131 S. Ct. 415 (2010).

28
.  
See
Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, No. 10–98,
cert. granted,
131 S. Ct. 415 (2010).

29
.  David Cole,
Out of the Shadows: Preventive Detention, Suspected Terrorists, and War,
97
CALIF. L. REV.
693, 705, 724 (2009).

30
.  
DAVID COLE
&
JULIUS LOBEL, LESS SAFE, LESS FREE
49, 109–16 (New York: New Press 2007).

31
.  
See id.
at 3–15 (critiquing the prevention paradigm).

32
.  
See
BERNARD HARCOURT, AGAINST PREDICTION
(Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press 2007).

33
.  
See
Robert M. Chesney,
Beyond Conspiracy? Anticipatory Prosecution and the Challenge of Unaffiliated Terrorism,
80 S.
CAL. L. REV.
425, 425, 475–79 (2007).

34
.  Richard B. Zabel & James J. Benjamin, Jr.,
In Pursuit of Justice: Prosecuting Terrorism Cases in the Federal Courts,
HUM. RTS. FIRST
(2008), at 28,
http://www.humanrightsfirst.info/pdf/080521-USLS-pursuit-justice.pdf
(statistics for convictions under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2339A & B).

35
.  
Criminal Terrorism Enforcement in the United States During the Five Years Since the 9/11/01 Attacks,
TRANSACTIONAL RECS. ACCESS CLEARINGHOUSE
[hereinafter TRAC],
http://trac.syr.edu/tracreports/terrorism/169/
.

36
.  
See
OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GEN., U.S. DEP’T OF JUSTICE, THE SEPTEMBER II DETAINEES: A REVIEW OF THE TREATMENT OF ALIENS HELD ON IMMIGRATION CHARGES IN CONNECTION WITH THE INVESTIGATION OF THE SEPTEMBER II ATTACKS
(2003),
http://www.justice.gov/oig/special/0306/full.pdf
.

37
.  
Immigration Enforcement Under Obama Returns to Highs of Bush Era,
TRAC,
http://trac.syr.edu/immigration/reports/233/
.

38
.  
As Terrorism Prosecutions Decline, Extent of Threat Remains Unclear,
TRAC,
http://trac.syr.edu/tracreports/terrorism/231/
; Zabel & Benjamin,
supra
note 34, at 25.

39
.  
See
David Bario,
By Any Means Necessary,
AMER. LAWYER,
2008,
http://www.law.com/jsp/tal/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1196279828736&slreturn=1&hbxlog
in (focus shifting from prosecution to intelligence).

40
.  
Who Is a Terrorist? Government Failure to Define Terrorism Undermines Enforcement, Puts Civil Liberties at Risk,
TRAC,
http://trac.syr.edu/tracreports/terrorism/215/
.

41
.  
JOHN ROTH, DOUGLAS GREENBURG,
&
SERENA WILLE, STAFF REPORT TO THE
9/11
COMMISSION, NATIONAL COMMISSION ON TERRORIST ATTACKS UPON THE UNITED STATES: MONOGRAPH ON TERRORIST FINANCING
50 (2004),
http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/staff_statements 9/II_TerrFin_Monograph.pdf
.

Chapter 2

1
.  My sources for this section include an interview with Roya Rahmani, her attorneys, and translator Ali Safavi, as well as court documents.

2
.  Ali Safavi,
Reality Check: Understanding the Politics Behind the MEK’s Terrorist Designation,
HUFFINGTON POST,
Mar. 31, 2010,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ali-safavi/reality-check-understandi_b_520592.html
.

3
.  
See
Designation of Foreign Terrorist Organizations, 8 U.S.C. § 1189(a)(4)(B).

4
.  People’s Mojahedin Org. of Iran v. United States Dep’t of State, 182 F.3d 17, 18–19, 25 (D.C. Cir. 1999),
cert, denied,
529 U.S. 1104 (2000).

5
.  United States v. Afshari, 426 F.3d 1150 (9th Cir. 2005),
reh. & reh. en banc denied,
446 F.3d 915 (9th Cir. 2006),
cert. denied sub nom.
Rahmani v. United States, 549 U.S. 1110 (2007).

6
.  
See
David Stringer,
Britain Removes Iran Opposition Group from Terror List,
SEATTLE TIMES,
June 23, 2008,
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/na-tionworld/2004479589_apbritainiran.html;
Philippa Runner,
EU Ministers Drop Iran Group from Terror List,
EUOBSERVER, Jan. 26, 2009,
http://euobserver.com/9/27472
.

7
.  The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, an insurgent group in Sri Lanka, was militarily defeated and is now defunct.

8
.  Humanitarian Law Project v. Ashcroft, 309 F. Supp. 2d 1185 (C.D. Cal. 2004).

9
.  Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Pub. L. No. 108–458 § 6603, 118 Stat. 3762–64 (2004).

10
.  Providing Material Support or Resources to Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations, 18 U.S.C. § 2339B.

11
.  18 U.S.C. § 2339A(b)(3).

12
.  Humanitarian Law Project v. Mukasey, 552 F.3d 916 (9th Cir. 2009),
rev’d sub nom.
Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, __ U.S. __, 130 S. Ct. 2705 (2010).

13
.  Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, __ U.S. __, 130 S. Ct. 2705 (2010).

14
.  Transcript of Oral Argument at 47, ll. 17–22,
Humanitarian Law Project,
130 S. Ct. 2705 (No. 08–1498) (argued Feb. 23, 2010).

15
.  
Humanitarian Law Project,
130 S. Ct. at 2723–24.

16
.  
Id
. at 2729.

17
.  
JESSICA STERN, TERROR IN THE NAME OF GOD
(New York: HarperCollins 2003).

18
.  
Humanitarian Law Project,
130 S. Ct. at 2728.