Terror in the Balkans (129 page)

excellent company during my archival visits, or a combination: Alex Bangert, Sonja Bern-

hard, Heiko Brendel, John Breuilly, Peter Broucek, Caro Buchheim, Philip Cooke, Tomislav Dulic´, Yvonne Ewen, Alex Flucker, Jürgen Förster, Richard Germann, Jonathan Gumz, Chris Haag, Christian Hartmann, Mike Hierholzer, Marko Hoare, Lothar Höbelt, Patrick

Hoolahan, Ke-chin Hsia, Johannes Hürter, Maria Knight, Alexander Korb, Bernd Lemke,

Peter Lieb, Walter Manoschek, Alex Marshall, Evan Mawdsley, Mark Mazower, Charles D.

Melson, Timm C. Richter, Felix Römer, Klaus Schmider, Peter Steinkamp, Geoffrey

Swain, Wolfram Wette, and Martina Winkelhofer.

The staff of the following institutions: Bavarian State Archive, Munich; Federal

Archive, Berlin-Lichterfelde; Federal Archive, Koblenz (images department); Federal

Archive, Ludwigsburg; German Historical Institute, London; Imperial War Museum,

London; Library of Contemporary History, Stuttgart; Military History Research Institute, Potsdam; Süddeutscher Verlag, Munich (images department). Special thanks are due to

the staff at the Federal Military Archive, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, and at the Austrian State Archive, Vienna, for their unfailing patience and help.

331

332
Acknowledgments

A note on the maps: the maps provided in the book are based extensively on copies of

original German Army maps, which varied widely in cartographical consistency. They are

intended to convey only a general idea of the scale and location of the events discussed.

Ultimately, the responsibility for the fi nal work is, of course, my own.

Index

Agricultural workers (Yugoslavia), 96–97,

Anti-Serbism, and counterinsurgency in

110, 136–137, 149–150

Yugoslavia, 1–3, 121–122, 255–256; pre-

Albania, 35, 72, 75–76

1914, 21–22, 255; in Great War, 29–30,

Alexander I, King, 73–75

34–37, 55, 255; anti-Serbism of Hitler, 75,

Ambrosio, Vittorio, 77, 154, 172.
See also

77, 238; in Ustasha policy, 79–80, 92–94,

Italy, Second Army

156, 180, 193, 200, 237–238, 241; in 342d

Anti-Bolshevism, in Third Reich, 2, 5, 32,

Infantry Division, 135, 141, 232, 255.
See

253, 284; in Great War, 46–49, 233–234;

also
anti-Slavism

link with anti-Slavism, 48; and Time

Anti-Slavism, in Third Reich, 2, 6, 69;

of Struggle, 54–55, 138–139; in Reich-

pre-1914, 20–21, 232, 243; in Great War,

swehr, 57, 59; link with anti-Semitism,

36, 43–45, 48, 56; link with anti-Bolshe-

63, 69–70, 117, 122, 244; in Kingdom of

vism, 48; in Wehrmacht, 67–68; and

the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 73; and

counter-insurgency in Yugoslavia, 185,

counterinsurgency in Yugoslavia, 98,

232, 253–255.
See also
anti-Serbism

138–139, 230–231.
See also
Bolsheviks;

Armed Forces High Command.
See
OKW

Communists, Yugoslavia

Army High Command.
See
OKH

Anti-Communism.
See
Anti-Bolshevism

Austria, Republic of, 60–61, 64–65

Anti-Semitism, in Third Reich, 2, 5, 32, 85,

AVNOJ (Anti-Fascist Council of the

251; pre-1914, 18–19, 21, 243; in Great

People’s Liberation of Yugoslavia), 199

War, 49–51, 53–54, 253; and Time of

Struggle, 54–55; in Bundesheer, 61; in

Reichswehr, 62–63; link with anti-

Bader, Paul, appointed commander of

Bolshevism, 63, 69–70, 117, 122, 244; in

LXV Corps, 80–81; appointed Com-

Wehr macht, 67–69, 251; and Ustasha

mander in Serbia, 147, 308; advocates

policy, 78–79, 92; and counterinsurgency

ruthless counterinsurgency measures,

in Yugoslavia, 85–87, 98–103, 117–118,

158, 162–163, 170, 201–202; attempts

122–124, 127, 142, 165, 186, 245, 317

to engage DangicĆhetniks, 158–159;

333

334
Index

attempts to deescalate counterinsur-

relations with Partisans, 150; relations

gency brutality, 170, 175–176, 178; and

with Italians, 150, 155, 173, 193–194, 196,

Trio operations, 173–175, 177; and

217–219, 235, 237–238; ethnic cleans-

militias in eastern Bosnia, 194–195, 196.

ing campaigns of, 150–151, 155, 185, 187,

See also
German army (1939–1945),

193–198, 213; and “Great Serbia”, 151;

corps: LXV; German army (1939–1945),

organizational weaknesses, 152–153,

regional commands: Serbia Command

238, 241; in combat against Axis, 153,

Balkan Wars 1912–1913, 21, 30

163, 165, 170, 188, 204; under Dangic´,

Baltic States, 54, 138

158, 164, 170; poor military performance

Barton, Gottfried, 251, 254

against Partisans, 158, 218, 235, 238,

Belgium, German invasion of 1914, 29,

241; relations with Germans, 158–159,

German atrocities in 1914, 31–32, 55, 68;

170, 184, 196–197, 218–219, 241; confl ict

German occupation of during Great

with Partisans, 158, 179, 182, 184, 191,

War, 45

198; propaganda of, 179, 192; relations

Boehme, Franz, radicalizes counterinsur-

with NDH, 182, 196, 199; 718th Infantry

gency campaign in Serbia, 1–3, 120–127,

Division’s view of, 184, 194–197, 205, 213;

143, 232, 255; engages with Nedicín 1943 counterinsurgency operations,

regime, 120–121, 123; manoeuvres against

218–219, 240, 325.
See also
Chetniks

Danckelmann, 120; outdone for ruthless

(Mihailovic´ movement, Serbia)

by 342d Infantry Division, 128, 131–133,

Chetniks (Mihailovic´ movement, Serbia),

140, 250, 306–307; attempts to deesca-

formation and early support, 89, 95–96,

late counterinsurgency brutality, 135;

98; initial weakness of, 96–97; alli-

biographical details, 141; and Operation

ance with Partisans, 110; and Serbian

Uzicé, 146; leaves Serbia, 147.
See also

national uprising, 112, 120, 125; against

German army (1939–1945), corps: XVIII

342d Infantry Division, 128, 132–136,

Boicetta, Nikolaus, 232

143; split with Partisans, 143–145, 246;

Bolsheviks, 39, 46–49, 138–139, 233–234.

contacts with Nedicŕegime, 145; opera-

See also
anti-Bolshevism; Communists,

tions against Axis 1942, 153.
See also

Yugoslavia

Chetniks (Pecanac´ movement, Serbia);

Borowski, Heinrich, 110, 117; biographical

Mihailovic´, Draza

details, 83, 137–138, 141, 305–306; effect

Chetniks (Pecanac´ movement, Serbia),

on troops’ conduct, 90, 141, 142, 250.
See

89, 98, 121, 294.
See also
Chetniks

also
German army (1939–1945), infantry

(Mihailovic´ movement, Serbia)

divisions, 704th

Clausewitz, Carl von, 25

Brauchitsch, Walther von, 67

Commissars, 96, 176, 180, 202–203.
See also

Britain.
See
Great Britain

Communists, Yugoslavia

Bulgaria, 35, 37, 76, 78, 81

Communists, Yugoslavia, and Serbian

Bundesheer, 57, 60–61, 64–65

national uprising, 82, 91–92, 95–97,

104–105, 108, 109, 128, 134, 143; pre-1941

development of, 91–92; organization of

Catholicism, anti-Catholicism in Ger-

Serbian Partisan movement by, 96–97;

man military, 31–32, 62; in Bundesheer

German measures against, 98, 100–103,

offi cer corps, 64; Catholic relations and

117, 118, 122–123, 136, 142–143, 164–165,

cooperation with Ustasha, 78–79, 93,

169, 245; support among Serbian

192; among Croats generally, 162

population summer 1941, 99; German

Chetniks (Bosnia), support levels of, 148–

identifi cation of Jews with, 100–103,

149, 152, 153, 216, 237–238; initial coexis-

122; support in Bosnia for, 148–149, 154,

tence with Partisans, 149; breakdown in

198; organization of Bosnian Partisan

Index
335

movement by, 151, 202; ruthlessness

France, and Franco-Prussian War, 25–26;

of, 151–152; propaganda of, 192; and

German invasion of 1914, 29; German

AVNOJ, 199.
See also
anti-Bolshevism;

atrocities in 1914, 31–32, 55, 68; German

AVNOJ; Commissars; NOOs (people’s

occupation of 1914–1918, 45; German

liberation committees); Partisan move-

defeat and occupation of 1940–1944, 68,

ment (Yugoslavia)

85, 244

Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz, and anti-

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 19, 28–29, 36

Semitism, 19, 51; and anti-Slavism, 20–21,

Franz Josef, Emperor, 19, 22

232, 255; and Social Darwinism, 22–23,

Free Corps, 54–55

35, 234; and outbreak of Great War, 28;

Fritsch, Werner von, 62–63

and Serbian campaigns 1914–1915, 35;

and eastern front 1914–1918, 40, 41

Conservatism, 14–15, 59–62, 64, 242

Geissler, Peter, 154, 181, 194, 208–212

Croatian Peasants’ Party, 78, 217

Gendarmerie, Serbian, 97–98, 100–102,

Cvetkovic´, Dragisa, 74

105–107, 108, 109, 120–121, 126, 143; Croa-

tian, 164, 173, 176, 195.
See also
German

army (1939–1945), Field Gendarmerie

Danckelmann, Heinrich, 80, 98, 120–121,

German army (1939–1945), antitank

308

detachments: 342d, 136

Dangic´, Jezdemir, 158, 164, 170, 311

German army (1939–1945), area com-

Deakin, Frank, 223, 224

mands: 80, 102; Belgrade, 103; Niš,

Deserters from insurgents, Wehrmacht

141–142; Šabac, 86; Užice, 100–101

conduct towards, 7, 8, 178, 224–225, 247

German army (1939–1945), armies: Sec-

Dippold, Benignus, conduct towards

ond, 76, 88; Twelfth, 76

Partisans, 226, 250, 254, 325; biographi-

German army (1939–1945), artillery regi-

cal details, 231–233, 326, 327.
See also

ments: 342d, 133; 668th, 161 (as 668th

German army (1939–1945), infantry

Artillery Section), 203–204

divisions, 717th

German army (1939–1945), battle groups:

Djilas, Milovan, 121, 144, 156, 220

Annacker, 206, 225; Faninger, 184;

Dollfuss, Engelbert, 60–61

Suschnig, 203, 207–208; Wüst, 176–177,

203–204, 207; Wutte, 165

German army (1939–1945), corps: XI, 89;

Eglseer, Karl, biographical details, 37, 40–41,

XVIII, 120, 127, 147; LXV, 80, 88, 90,

43, 233, 254; and troop discipline, 233–

97–100, 102–104, 106–107, 109, 115, 118.

234, 235, 250; association with “Austrian

See
also
Bader, Paul; Boehme, Franz

network,” 327.
See also
German army

German army (1939–1945), Field Gendar-

(1939–1945), infantry divisions, 714th

merie, 101, 176, 184, 192, 203

Einsatzgruppen, 67, 80, 97, 100–102, 251.

German army (1939–1945) grenadier regi-

See also
SS

ments: 384th (Croatian), 232

Fortner, Johann, biographical details,

German army (1939–1945), infantry divi-

161, 188, 196, 231–233, 254, 326, 327; and

sions: 11th, 86; 113th, 119, 143, 308; 164th,

counterinsurgency operations, 167, 172,

123; 392d (Croatian), 216

248; and promotion of hearts and minds

German army (1939–1945), infantry divi-

measures, 178, 185, 188, 250; relations

sions, 342d: composition, 124; general

with Croats, 192, 204; relations with

conduct, 124–132, 162–165, 188, 221, 232,

Chetniks, 196; execution for war crimes,

250, 306–307, 326; conditions experi-

317.
See also
German army (1939–1945),

enced by, 132–134, 138–139, 166–168;

infantry divisions, 718th

orders issued by divisional command

336
Index

and operations section, 126, 129–131,

German army (1939–1945), infantry divi-

131–135, 162–163, 165, 169–171.
See also

sions, 718th: composition, 80–82, 161,

Hinghofer, Walter; Hoffmann, Paul

323; conditions experienced by, 161–164,

German army (1939–1945), infantry

166–169, 173–177, 181–188, 191–197,

divisions, 369th (Croatian): composi-

202–207, 212–213; orders issued by divi-

tion, 216; general conduct, 221–224;

sional command and operations section,

conditions experienced by, 227–229;

164–166, 169–171, 175–176, 178, 181–184;

orders issued by divisional command

general conduct, 164–166, 169–173,

and operations section, 221–223; orders

184–188, 207–208, 212–214, 247–249;

issued by intelligence section, 222–223;

attitude to Chetniks, 184, 194–197, 213;

comparison with 718th Infantry Divi-

comparison with 369th (Croatian)

sion, 224–228, 230–232, 249, 250; com-

Infantry Division, 224–228, 230–232,

parison with 373d (Croatian) Infantry

249, 250.
See also
Fortner, Johann

Division, 229–232, 234–235.
See also

German army (1939–1945), infantry regi-

Neidholt, Fritz

ments: 383d (Croatian), 232; 433d, 123;

German army (1939–1945), infantry divi-

697th, 124, 132, 163, 167; 698th, 124, 128,

sions, 373d (Croatian): composition,