Terror in the Balkans (130 page)

167; 699th, 124, 132; 724th, 84, 101–102,

216; general conduct, 229, 234, 250;

104–107, 123, 129, 142; 734th, 84, 108–109,

conditions experienced by, 229, 234;

116; 738th, 161, 163, 166, 167, 169–170, 176,

orders issued by divisional command

203–206; 750th, 125, 161, 163–167, 169,

and operations section, 229–230; com-

171, 183, 203–205

parison with 369th (Croatian) Infantry

German army (1939–1945), mountain divi-

Division, 229–232, 234–235.
See also

sions: 1st, 160

Zellner, Emil

German army (1939–1945), Panzer groups

German army (1939–1945), infantry

and armies: First, 76; Fourth, 69

divisions, 704th: composition, 80–82,

German army (1939–1945), Panzer regi-

83–84; conditions experienced by,

ments: 202d, 128

83–84, 87–90, 97, 104–117, 246; general

German army (1939–1945), regional com-

conduct, 84, 87–88, 101–102, 106–108,

mands: Army Rear Area 532, 247; Croa-

117–118, 135, 141, 250, 306; and anti-

tia Command, 205, 220–221, 226–227.

Semitic measures, 86–87, 118, 123; orders

See also
German army (1939–1945),

issued by divisional command and

regional commands, Serbia Command;

operations section, 87, 90, 106, 108, 109.

Lüters, Rudolf

See
also
Borowski, Heinrich

German army (1939–1945), regional com-

German army (1939–1945), infantry divi-

mands, Serbia Command: composition,

sions, 714th: composition, 80–82; condi-

80, 101; conduct up to Serbian national

tions experienced by, 107, 133, 197, 206,

uprising, 84, 86; and anti-Semitic mea-

212, 298; general conduct, 133, 143, 180,

sures, 86; and Serbian national uprising,

183, 194, 196, 202, 219–220, 250.
See also

97, 100–101, 116; and German counter-

Eglseer, Karl; Stahl, Friedrich

measures against uprising, 101, 136,

German army (1939–1945), infantry divi-

142; and counterinsurgency in NDH,

sions, 717th: composition, 80–82; condi-

162, 168, 171–173, 177–178, 183, 192, 198,

tions experienced by, 99, 107, 133, 219,

201–202, 213, 229.
See also
Bader, Paul

227; general conduct, 123, 183, 219, 230,

German army (1939–1945), reserve divi-

249–250; involvement in mass shootings

sions: 187th, 200

of civilians, autumn 1941, 140, 306–307,

German army (1939–1945), security divi-

325.
See also
Dippold, Benignus; Hing-

sions: 201st, 248; 203d, 251–252; 221st,

hofer, Walter; Hoffmann, Paul

247, 249, 251–252, 254, 326

Index
337

German army (1939–1945), security regi-

Great Britain, and counterinsurgency, 24;

ments: 45th, 326

in Great War, 38, 47, 161, 196, 232; and

German (incl. Austrian) counterinsur-

Free Corps, 55; refusal to make peace

gency, historical development of:

after Fall of France, 68–69; and March

German southwest Africa 1904–1905,

1941 Yugoslav coup, 75; relations with

23–24; Franco-Prussian War 1870–1871,

MihailovicĆhetniks, 144, 153, 241; rela-

25–26; Serbia 1914, 29–31; Belgium and

tions with Partisans, 241

northern France 1914, 31–32; Russia and

Greece, 72, 75, 76, 81, 153

Ukraine 1914–1918, 44–45, 48–49; Poland

1939, 67–68

German counterinsurgency tactics, large-

Hague Convention, 4–5

scale operations, 6, 159–160, 180–181,

Halder, Franz, 100

238–239; hunter groups, 88, 102, 107, 159,

Haupt, Karl, 251

181–182, 186, 188, 238–239, 328.
See also

Heinrici, Gottard, 43

German counterinsurgency, Yugoslavia

Herero Rebellion, German Southwest

German counterinsurgency, Yugoslavia: use

Africa, 23, 68

of reprisals and terroristic measures in,

Himmler, Heinrich, 88, 93, 193, 240–241.

5–6, 87–88, 100–104, 108–110, 115–116,

See also
SS

121–134, 140–144, 158–160, 164–166,

Hinghofer, Walter, biographical details,

200–202, 220–223, 238–239, 245–252;

42, 47, 119–120, 134–135, 137–141, 188, 250,

terrain and environment, 5, 132–133,

251, 254, 306; ruthlessness in counter-

165–167, 205–206, 208–212; efforts to

insurgency, 126, 131, 134, 142, 188, 325;

engage population, 6–7, 98–100, 135–137,

swaps commands with 717th Infantry

169–171, 175–177, 182–188, 224–226,

Division, 135.
See also
German army

247–249; overstretch of German forces,

(1939–1945), infantry divisions, 342d;

80–82, 89–90, 107, 132–133, 163–168, 172,

German army (1939–1945), infantry divi-

174–175, 181, 190, 203, 205–206, 208–212,

sions, 717th

238–239, 245–249; quality of German

Hitler, Adolf, approach to counterinsur-

forces, 80–82, 89–90, 132–133, 166–167,

gency, 1, 100, 201, 220, 226–227; relation-

174, 191, 203, 205, 227–230, 245–249;

ship with army leaders during 1930s, 59,

fear of insurgent attacks, 88, 97–98,

61–63, 66; annexation of Austria, 64–65;

110–116, 167–168, 208–212, 222–223;

military triumphs 1939–40, 67–68; inva-

mobility levels, 99, 132, 166–167; relations

sion of Soviet Union, 69, 172; conquest

with population, 104–105, 111, 115–116,

and occupation of Yugoslavia, 75–76;

175–177, 193–195; intelligence levels,

attitude towards Serbs, 77, 122, 238; atti-

104; performance of auxiliary and allied

tude towards NDH, 78, 94–95, 156, 217,

forces, 106–107, 120–121, 153–155, 157–158,

238, 241; “Germanization” of northern

163–164, 167–168, 199–200, 203–205,

Yugoslavia, 93; attitude towards Italy

218–219, 235–237; effect on German sol-

and Mussolini, 94, 154, 216; attitude

diers’ behavior, 107–110, 133, 141, 170–171,

towards Chetniks, 158

207–214, 224.
See also
German counterin-

Hoepner, Erich, 69

surgency tactics

Hoffmann, Paul, 250; as commander of

Glaise von Horstenau, Edmund, attitude

717th Infantry Division, 117, 140, 325;

towards NDH 94–95, 217, 218; attitude

assumes command of 342d Infantry

towards Italians, 195; and 1942 NDH

Division, 135; attempts to deescalate

reforms, 199–201; and White opera-

342d’s brutality, 135–137, 143; biographi-

tions, 221

cal details, 137–138, 141–142, 286; post-

Governorate of Dalmatia, 77, 156

Yugoslavia career, 139–140; advocates

338
Index

ruthless counterinsurgency mea-

relations with Chetniks, 150, 155, 158,

sures, 140–141.
See also
German army

185, 193–196, 217, 218–219; fi ghting

(1939–1945), infantry divisions, 342d;

power, 154–155, 310; and counterinsur-

German army (1939–1945), infantry divi-

gency, 158, 168, 172–174, 178, 218–219,

sions, 717th

235, 237–238, 247, 310; withdrawal from

Honvéd, regiments: 70th Field Howitzer, 231

Zone III, 178–179, 213, 238; military col-

Hungary, 76, 78

lapse, 241.
See also
Ambrosio, Vittorio;

Roatta, Mario

Jews.
See
Anti-Semitism

Imperial German Army, 3, 9; social

composition of offi cer corps, 12, 13–14;

offi cer training, 15–16, 27; technical spe-

Jünger, Ernst, 33–34

cialization, 16–17; and pan-Germanism,

18; and anti-Semitism, 19, 49–51; and

anti-Slavism, 20; and Social Darwin-

Karl I, Emperor, 52–53

ism, 23, 33; and colonial warfare, 23–24;

Kasche, Siegfried, 95, 217

approach to counterinsurgency of,

Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slo-

24–26, 31–32; conservatism of, 27; and

venes.
See
Yugoslavia 1918–1941

anti-Catholicism, 31–32; and western

Kuntze, Walter, 159, 175, 201.
See also
Weh-

front 1914–1918, 32–34, 46; and eastern

rmacht Command South-East

front 1914–1918, 39, 41–43, 45, 46–47;

Kvaternik, Slavko, 200

and occupation policy 1914–1918, 45–46,

49; discipline, 46–47, 51–52; supply of,

47; attitude to Bolshevism, 48–49; 1918

League of Farmers, 149–150

defeat of, 51–52, 53–54

Lendle, Hubert, 251–252, 254

Imperial German Army, brigades: 52d

List, Wilhelm, 80; scepticism over coop-

Württemberg, 49

eration with Serbs, 98, 110, 121; alarm

Imperial German Army, corps: I Bavarian,

at Serbian national uprising, 99; sacks

34, 45, 46–47, 52; II Bavarian, 45, 46–47

Danckelmann, 120; steps down as Weh-

Imperial German Army, divisions: 1st

rmacht Commander South-East, 159.
See

Field Artillery, 83; 26th Infantry, 41;

also
Wehrmacht Command South-East

Bavarian Cavalry, 49

Living space, 62

Imperial German Army, regiments: 5th

Löhr, Alexander, 201–202, 217, 240.
See also

Bavarian Infantry, 161

Wehrmacht Command South-East

Italy, Austro-Hungarian view of, 22, 37–39;

Lontschar, Adalbert, 37, 42, 102, 107, 109

in Great War, 35–39, 47, 52–53, 55, 231,

Lüters, Rudolf, 200, 235.
See also
German

233–234; and interwar Austria, 61, 64;

army (1939–1945), regional commands:

invasion of Albania 1939, 72, 75; inva-

Croatia Command

sion of Greece 1940, 72; relations with

Luftwaffe, and war crimes, 3; bombing of

Ustasha and NDH, 74–75, 77–79, 94–95,

Belgrade, 76; and counterinsurgency

217–218; invasion and conquest of Yugo-

in Serbia, 104–105, 110, 114, 125, 129, 134;

slavia, 75–78; occupation of Yugoslavia,

and counterinsurgency in NDH, 163,

79–80, 93, 148, 156–157.
See
also
Italy,

175, 181, 219, 227 240

Second Army; Mussolini, Benito

Italy, air force, 154, 174, 219

Italy, Second Army, dealings with Parti-

Macěk, Vladko, 78

sans, 129, 195; relations with Germans,

Middle classes, German and Austrian,

146, 155, 172–173, 216–217, 234, 240–241;

prevalence within offi cer corps,

Index
339

12–14, 18, 63, 137, 252–253; moderation

relations with Germans, 156–157, 178,

amongst, 20; infl uence of militarism

199–201, 217–218, 238–241; exploitation

upon, 24; support for National Social-

by Axis, 156–157, 217–218, 241, 248; grow-

ism amongst, 63

ing instability within, 182–183, 185, 187,

Middle classes, Yugoslav, 91, 179

198–199, 212–213, 238–240; cooperation

Mihailovic´, Draza, founds MihailovicĆhet-

with Chetniks, 195; autumn 1942 reforms

nik movement, 89; limited control over

to, 199–200.
See also
NDH, air force;

Chetniks, 96, 151–153; attaches move-

NDH, army; Pavelic´, Ante; Ustasha

ment to Serbian national uprising, 110;

NDH, air force, 174, 219,

splits from Partisans, 143–145, 245–246;

NDH, army, in counterinsurgency opera-

support from British and Yugoslav

tions, 128, 162, 163–164, 167–168, 171–172,

government-in-exile, 144; approaches to

174, 176, 180–181, 183, 203–204, 207–208;

Axis, 145–146; position on ethnic cleans-

fi ghting power of, 156, 157–158, 191,

ing by Bosnian Chetniks, 151; political

204–205, 216, 238, 247; and autumn 1942

weakness and mistakes, 152–153; and

reforms, 199–200; mounting desertion

Dangic´, 158, 311; during White opera-

from, 205, 213, 240

tions, 219, 235; loss of Allied support,

Nedic´, Milan, appointed head of puppet

241.
See also
Chetniks (Bosnia), Chetniks

Serbian government, 77, 98; anti-Com-

(Mihailovic´ movement, Serbia)

munism and anti-Semitism of, 98, 123;

Moltke, Hellmuth von, 20–21, 28

relations with Germans, 98, 120, 121, 123,

Montenegro, 22; in Great War 29–30; in

172; relations with Mihailovic´ move-

World War II, 76, 93–94, 152, 183, 198

ment, 143, 145–146, 152.
See also
Serbia

Muslims, and pre-war Yugoslavia, 73,

Neidholt, Fritz, biographical details, 215,

148–149; in Serbia, 84; in Bosnia,

231, 234, 326; and troop discipline, 227–

148–149, 319; and Partisan movement,

228; ruthlessness in counterinsurgency,

150, 151, 169, 179, 198; Chetniks’ ethnic

231, 234, 251, 254.
See also
German army

cleansing of, 150–151, 155, 193–195, 197;

(1939–1945), infantry divisions, 369th

enmity with Bosnian Serbs, 150; in 718th

(Croatian)

Infantry Division’s jurisdiction, 162,

NOOs (people’s liberation committees), in

169, 172, 173, 185, 191, 193, 195, 197; rela-

Serbia, 91–92, 96; in NDH, 145, 152, 179,

tions with NDH, 193.
See
also
Muslim

199.
See also
Communists, Yugoslavia;

militias; Waffen-SS, divisions: 13th

Partisan movement, Yugoslavia

Mountain “Handschar”