Read The Anatomy of Violence Online

Authors: Adrian Raine

The Anatomy of Violence (74 page)

BOOK: The Anatomy of Violence
12.55Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads

137.
Glenn, A. L., Raine, A., Yaralian, P. S. & Yang, Y. L. (2010). Increased volume of the striatum in psychopathic individuals.
Biological Psychiatry
67, 52–58.

138.
Widom, C. S. (1989). Child-abuse, neglect, and adult behavior: Research design and findings on criminality, violence, and child-abuse.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
59, 355–67.

139.
Fox, A. L. & Levine, B. (2005).
Extreme Killing: Understanding Serial and Mass Murder
. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

140.
Norris,
Serial Killers
.

141.
Ibid.

142.
Lucas was released after serving only ten years of his twenty-year sentence, apparently due to prison overcrowding.

143.
Norris,
Serial Killers
.

144.
Hare, R. D. (1999).
Without Conscience
. New York: Guilford Press.

145.
Norris,
Serial Killers
, p. 109.

146.
ABC News. (2001). Henry Lee Lucas Dies in Prison.
http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=93864&page=1#.T2aIWBGmi8A
.

9. CURING CRIME

    1.
Moir, A. (1996).
A Mind to Crime: The Dangerous Few
. TV documentary.

    2.
Ibid.

    3.
Raine, A., Venables, P. H. & Williams, M. (1990). Relationships between central and autonomic measures of arousal at age 15 years and criminality at age 24 years.
Archives of General Psychiatry
47, 1003–7.

    4.
Bouchard, T. J. (2004). Genetic influence on human psychological traits: A survey.
Current Directions in Psychological Science
13, 148–51.

    5.
Räsänen, P., Hakko, H., Isohanni, M., Hodgins, S., Järvelin, M. R., et al. (1999). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of criminal behavior among adult male offspring in the northern Finland 1966 birth cohort.
American Journal of Psychiatry
156, 857–62.

    6.
Liu, J., Raine, A., Wuerker, A., Venables, P. H. & Mednick, S. (2009). The association of birth complications and externalizing behavior in early adolescents: Direct and mediating effects.
Journal of Research on Adolescence
19, 93–111.

    7.
Neugebauer, R., Hoek, H. W. & Susser, E. (1999). Prenatal exposure to wartime famine and development of antisocial personality disorder in early adulthood.
Journal of the American Medical Association
282, 455–62.

    8.
Weaver, I.C.G., Meaney, M. J. & Szyf, M. (2006). Maternal care effects on the hippocampal transcriptome and anxiety-mediated behaviors in the offspring that are reversible in adulthood.
Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
103, 3480–85.

    9.
Streissguth, A. P., Bookstein, F. L., Barr, H. M., Sampson, P. D., O’Malley, K., et al. (2004). Risk factors for adverse life outcomes in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects.
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
25, 228–38.

  10.
Olds, D., Henderson, C. R., Cole, R., et al. (1998). Long-term effects of nurse home visitation on children’s criminal and antisocial behavior: 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.
Journal of the American Medical Association
280, 1238–44.

  11.
Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Cole, R., Robinson, J., Sidora, K., et al. (2004).
Effects of nurse home-visiting on maternal life course and child development: Age 6 follow-up results of a randomized trial.
Pediatrics
114, 1550–59.

  12.
Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H. J., Cole, R. E., Hanks, C. A., Arcoleo, K. J., et al. (2010). Enduring effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses on maternal life course and government spending: Follow-up of a randomized trial among children at age 12 years.
Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
164, 419–24.

  13.
Ibid.

  14.
Venables, P. H. (1978). Psychophysiology and psychometrics.
Psychophysiology
15, 302–15.

  15.
Raine, A., Venables, P. H., Dalais, C., Mellingen, K., Reynolds, C., et al. (2001). Early educational and health enrichment at age 3–5 years is associated with increased autonomic and central nervous system arousal and orienting at age 11 years: Evidence from the Mauritius Child Health Project.
Psychophysiology
38, 254–66.

  16.
Ibid.

  17.
Ibid.

  18.
Hugdahl, K. (1995).
Psychophysiology: The Mind-Body Perspective.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  19.
Raine, A., Mellingen, K., Liu, J. H., Venables, P. & Mednick, S. A. (2003). Effects of environmental enrichment at ages 3–5 years on schizotypal personality and antisocial behavior at ages 17 and 23 years.
American Journal of Psychiatry
160, 1627–35.

  20.
Matousek, M. & Petersen, P. (1973). Frequency analysis of the EEG in normal children and adolescents. In P. Kellaway & I. Petersen (eds.),
Automation of Clinical Encephalography
, pp. 75–101. New York: Raven Press.

  21.
Raine et al., Effects of environmental enrichment at ages 3–5 years on schizotypal personality.

  22.
Elliott, D. S., Ageton, S., Huizinga, D., Knowles, B. & Canter, R. (1983).
The Prevalence and Incidence of Delinquent Behavior: 1976–1980
.
National Youth Survey, Report No. 26
.
Boulder, Colo.: Behavior Research Institute.

  23.
Raine et al., Effects of environmental enrichment at ages 3–5 years on schizotypal personality.

  24.
The p value for the difference in court convictions between the children in the enriched group compared with controls was .07, and employed a two-tailed test. We elected to be conservative, but given the a priori prediction that crime would be reduced (and not increased) by the intervention we could have argued for the use of a one-tailed test of significance, and thus the results would have been significant at p < .035.

  25.
Raine et al., Effects of environmental enrichment at ages 3–5 years on schizotypal personality.

  26.
Gomez-Pinilla, F., Dao, L. & So, V. (1997). Physical exercise induces FGF-2 and its mRNA in the hippocampus.
Brain Research
764, 1–8.

  27.
Van Praag, H., Christie, B. R., Sejnowski, T. J. & Gage, F. H. (1999). Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
96 (13) 427–31.

  28.
Raine et al., Effects of environmental enrichment at ages 3–5 years on schizotypal personality.

  29.
Murphy, J. M., Wehler, C. A., Pagano, M. E., Little, M., Kleinman, R. E. & Jellinek, M. S. (1998). Relationship between hunger and psychosocial functioning in low-income American children.
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
37, 163–70; Smith, J., Lensing, S., Horton, J. A., Lovejoy, J., Zaghloul, S., et al. (1999). Prevalence of self-reported nutrition-related health problems in the Lower Mississippi Delta.
American Journal of Public Health
89, 1418–21.

  30.
UNESCO (2007
). EFA Global Monitoring Report 2007
: Strong Foundations: Early Childhood Care and Education
. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.

  31.
Carroll, L. (1865).
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
. London: MacMillan.

  32.
Reuters (2012). Germany urged to halt castration of sex offenders. February 22.
http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/22/us-germany-castration-idUSTRE81L18G20120222
.

  33.
Bilefsky, D. (2009). Europeans debate castration of sex offenders.
New York Times
, March 10.
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/world/europe/11castrate.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1&hp
.

  34.
Wille, R. & Beier, K. M. (1989). Castration in Germany.
Annals of Sex Research
2, 103–34.

  35.
Bradford, J. (1990). The antiandrogen and hormonal treatment of sex offenders. In W. Marshall, D. Laws & H. Barbaree (eds.),
Handbook of Sexual Assault: Issues, Theories, and Treatment of the Offender
, pp. 297–310. New York: Plenum.

  36.
Weinberger, L. E., Sreenivasan, S., Garrick, T. & Osran, H. (2005). The impact of surgical castration on sexual recidivism risk among sexually violent predatory offenders.
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
33, 16–36. The quote can be found on page 34.

  37.
Berlin, F. S. (2005). Commentary: The impact of surgical castration on sexual recidivism risk among civilly committed sexual offenders.
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
33, 37–41.

  38.
Lösel, F. & Schmucker, M. (2005). The effectiveness of treatment for sexual offenders: A comprehensive meta-analysis.
Journal of Experimental Criminology
1, 117–46.

  39.
Reuters (2009). Poland okays forcible castration for pedophiles. September
25.
http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/25/us-castration-idUSTRE58O4LE20090925
.

  40.
Poland to castrate sex offenders. (2008).
Belfast Telegraph
, September 26.
http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/poland-to-castrate-sex-offenders-13985385.html
.

  41.
RT (2011). Russia introduces chemical castration for pedophiles. October 4.
http://rt.com/news/pedophilia-russia-chemical-castration-059/
.

  42.
Norman-Eady, S. (2006). OLR research report: castration of sex offenders.
http://www.cga.ct.gov/2006/rpt/2006-R-0183.htm
.

  43.
A child sex offender in Wisconsin’s Penal Code 302.11 is defined as someone having intercourse with a child under the age of thirteen.

  44.
Grubin, D. & Beech, A. (2010). Chemical castration for sex offenders.
British Medical Journal
340, 433–34.

  45.
The Adventures of Tintin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin
.

  46.
Lekhwani, M., Nair, C., Nikhinson, I. & Ambrosini, P. J. (2004). Psychotropic prescription practices in child psychiatric inpatients 9 years old and younger.
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
14, 95–103; Gilligan, J. & Lee, B. (2004). The psychopharmacological treatment of violent youth.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1036, 356–81.

  47.
Jensen, P. S., Youngstrom, E. A., Steiner, H., Findling, R. L., Meyer, R. E., et al. (2007). Consensus report on impulsive aggression as a symptom across diagnostic categories in child psychiatry: Implications for medication studies.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
46, 309–22.

  48.
Pappadopulos, E., Woolston, S., Chait, A., Perkins, M., Connor, D. F. & Jensen, P. S. (2006). Pharmacotherapy of aggression in children and adolescents: Efficacy and effect size.
Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
15, 27–39.

  49.
The effect size quoted here for pharmacological treatment effects are Cohen’s
d
.

  50.
“Atypical antipsychotics” is the more formal term used to describe “newer generation” antipsychotics. While originally developed for the treatment of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar depression, over the past fifteen years they have been increasingly used to treat childhood aggression. Examples of atypicals would be risperidone and olanzapine. Their advantage, relative to their efficacy, is that atypical antipsychotics do not have the more severe side effects of more traditional antipsychotic medications such as tardive dyskinesia. Nevertheless they do have some side effects, including weight gain.

  51.
Effect sizes reported in this review of psychopharmacology of aggression are Cohen’s
d
.

  52.
Connor, D. F., Glatt, S. J., Lopez, I. D., Jackson, D. & Melloni, R. H. (2002). Psychopharmacology and aggression, vol. 1, A meta-analysis of stimulant effects on overt/covert aggression-related behaviors in ADHD.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
41, 253–61.

  53.
Connor, D. F., Carlson, G. A., Chang, K. D., Daniolos, P. T., Ferziger, R., et al. (2006). Juvenile maladaptive aggression: A review of prevention, treatment, and service configuration and a proposed research agenda.
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
67, 808–20.

  54.
Lopez-Larson, M. & Frazier, J. A. (2006). Empirical evidence for the use of lithium and anticonvulsants in children with psychiatric disorders.
Harvard Review of Psychiatry
14, 285–304.

  55.
Soller, M. V., Karnik, N. S. & Steiner, H. (2006). Psychopharmacologic treatment in juvenile offenders.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
15, 477–99.

  56.
Connor, D. F., Boone, R. T., Steingard, R. J., Lopez, I. D. & Melloni, R. H. (2003). Psychopharmacology and aggression, vol. 2: A meta-analysis of nonstimulant medication effects on overt aggression-related behaviors in youth with SED.
Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
11, 157–68.

  57.
Connor et al., Juvenile maladaptive aggression; Pappadopulos et al., Pharmacotherapy of aggression in children and adolescents; Jensen et al., Consensus report on impulsive aggression as a symptom across diagnostic categories in child psychiatry.

  58.
Maughan, D. R., Christiansen, E., Jenson, W. R. & Clark, E. (2005). Behavioral parent training as a treatment for externalizing behaviors and disruptive behavior disorders: A meta-analysis.
School Psychology Review
34, 267–86.

  59.
Connor et al., Juvenile maladaptive aggression.

  60.
Connor et al., Psychopharmacology and aggression, vol. 2
.
; Connor et al., Juvenile maladaptive aggression; Pappadopulos et al., Pharmacotherapy of aggression in children and adolescents.

  61.
Connor et al., Psychopharmacology and aggression, vol. 1.

  62.
Staller, J. A. (2007). Psychopharmacologic treatment of aggressive preschoolers: A chart review.
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
31, 131–35.

  63.
The anticonvulsants used in this community study consisted of phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproate.

  64.
Stanford, M. S., Helfritz, L. E., Conklin, S. M., Villemarette-Pittman, N. R., Greve, K. W., et al. (2005). A comparison of anticonvulsants in the treatment of impulsive aggression.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
13, 72–77.

  65.
Barratt, E. S., Stanford, M. S., Felthous, A. R. & Kent, T. A. (1997). The effects of phenytoin on impulsive and premeditated aggression: A controlled study.
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
17, 341–49; Stanford, M. S., Houston, R. J., Mathias, C. W., Greve, K. W., Villemarette-Pittman, N. R., et al. (2001). A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of phenytoin in individuals with impulsive aggression.
Psychiatry Research
103, 193–203.

BOOK: The Anatomy of Violence
12.55Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads

Other books

Hill of Bones by The Medieval Murderers
Abduction! by Peg Kehret
B004183M70 EBOK by Rosemary Stevens
Breathing Water by T. Greenwood
A Pirate's Bounty by Knight, Eliza
Her Healing Ways by Lyn Cote
Of Fire and Night by Kevin J. Anderson
The Black Seraphim by Michael Gilbert