The battle for Spain: the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 (103 page)

Ortega, Daniel

Ortega, Major Leopoldo

Ortega y Gasset, José

Orwell, George

Homage to Catalonia
, coins term ‘double-speak’, describes ‘events of May’, wounded, speaks out

Oviedo military rising, siege of, carpet bombing around, salient

OVRA, (Opera Volontaria di Repressione Antifascista) Italian secret police

Pacelli, Cardinal Eugenio (later Pope Pius

Pajares

Palacios, Major

Palancar, Pablo

Palencia

Palma de Mallorca

Pàmies, Teresa

Pamplona, provides Mola’s base, military rising, political killings, monarchist flag lowered, under Franco

Pamplona, Bishop of

Pando, Major

Paracuellos del Jarama

Paris, Italian Embassy, Spanish gold reserves shipped to, and formation of International Brigades, International Exhibition of Arts, International Writers’ Congress for the Defence of Culture, Negrín visits, Spanish embassy, republican leaders in, recognition of Franco regime

Partido Nacional Republicano

Partit Catala` Proletari

Pascua, Marcelino

Pat O’Leary resistance group

Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich

Pavlov, General (‘Pablito’), care for his men, and battle of Jarama, and battle of Guadalajara, and Estremadura offensive, and Guadarrama offensive

Paxtot Madoz, General Francisco

Peiró, Joan

Peñrroya

People’s Army,
see
republican army

Peraleda del Saucejo

Perea, Colonel

Pérez Carballo, Francisco

Pérez de Ayala, Ramón

Perpignan

Perth, Eric Earl of

Pestañ, Ángel

Pétain, Marshal Philippe

Petrograd Soviet

Philby, Kim

Philip II, King

Philip IV, King

Philip V, King

Philip of Anjou

Philippines

Pi y Margall, President Francisco

Pi y Sunyer, Carlos

Picasso, Pablo

Picos de Europa

Pina

Pindoque bridge

Pingarrón

Pinilla, Colonel

Pino

Pita Romero, General

Pius XI, Pope, (Cardinal Achilles Ratti)

Pius XII, Pope, see Pacelli, Cardinal

Pla y Daniel, Bishop of Salamanca

Plymouth, Ivor Earl of

PNV

police, secret under NKVD control, development of, under Franco

Polish volunteers

Ponte y Manso de Zúniga, General Miguel

Pontevedra

Ponzán, Francisco

Popular Front, in government, targeted for killings, salute, political strategy, attempts to revive, torn apart, opposition to Negrín, destruction of

Popular Olympiad

Popular School of War

Port Mahon

Port-Bou

Portela Valladares, Manuel

Portero, Antonia

Portugal, role in Spanish Civil War, recognizes Franco government, ammunition supplied from

post-traumatic stress disorder,
see
battle shock

Poudreries et Cartoucheries Helléniques SA

POUM, founded, and Trotsky, and defence of Republic, increased strength, attacked by Fourth International, and militias, foreign volunteers and, vetoed by Soviets, conflict with communists, declared illegal and leaders arrested, losses in action, leader freed, stronghold falls, trial of leaders

Pound, Ezra

Pozas Perea, General Sebastián, and battle of Jarama, squabble with Miaja, commands Aragón front and Army of the East

Pozuelo de Alarcón

Prada Vaquero, Colonel Adolfo

Prados, Pedro (head of naval staff)

Prague

Prat de Llobregat

Prats de Molló

Pravda

press, Catholic, censorship, Catalan, nationalist, French, communist, under Franco, in Barcelona,
see also
journalists

priests, killed, in nationalist areas, in Basque country, at surrender of Madrid, under Franco

Prieto, Horacio

Prieto y Tuero, Indalecio, in Republican government, and revolt against Second Republic, political alliances, impeaches president and invasion of Balearics, and gold reserves, and Largo Caballero government, and communists, and ‘events of May’, and republican power struggle, and Negrín government, fury at Mera’s complaints, response to bombardment of Almería, and Aragón offensive, and northern front, and SIM, and International Brigades, and battle of Teruel, acts to limit communists, pessimism and realism, end of friendship with Negrín, leaves government, in opposition to Negrín, continues political struggle in exile

Primo de Rivera, José Antonio, founds Falange, imprisoned, bodyguards killed, role in
coup ďétat
, romanticism, imprisoned, executed, rumours concerning , political philosophy, Franco’s homage to

Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, General Miguel

Primo de Rivera, Miguel

prisoners: treatment by Falange, British, treatment by Basques, held by SIM, executed in Gijón, drafted into nationalist army, pose problem for Franco, drafted by republicans, from International Brigades, in battle of Catalonia, from fall of Catalonia, exchanges, under Franco, in Nazi camps

propaganda, republican campaign becomes effective, and alleged Nazi involvement in
coup ďe´tat
, cultural, and International Brigades, and effect on military tactics, Stalinist, about republican operations, effectiveness of communist, under Franco, failing impact

prostitution

Proudhon, Pierre Joseph

PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español), founded, general strike, largest party in Popular Front, Catalan arm merges into PSUC, union with Communist Party, in exile

PSU (Partido Socialista Unificado)

PSUC (Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya), formation, and defence of Republic, and militias, Comintern supervision, foreign volunteers and, and ‘events of May’ , establishes guerrilla army

Puche, Dr José

Puente, Enrique

Puig de l’Àliga

Puigcerdá

Puigdengolas Ponce de León, Colonel Ildefonso

Putz, Colonel Joseph

Pyrenees

Quakers

Quarto
(Italian warship)

Quiepo de Llano, General Gonzalo, role in military rising, Freemasonry, broadcasts, and political killings, politics, administrative ability, and Franco’s rise to power, advance on Andújar, control of Andalucia, and bombing of Guernica, development of Andalucian trade, advances in west, loses power base, cult of virility and death

Quijorna

Quiñones de León, José María

Quintela, Eduardo

Quinto

Rada, Colonel

Radical Party

radio, Quiepo de Llano, broadcasts, propaganda on

Raeder, Admiral Erich

Read, Herbert

Reconquista

Red Army, purged, in Ukraine, personnel in Spain, lack of care for troops, Berlin operation, III Rifle Corps, Kronstadt sailors and, intelligence, tactics, failings, defeats, Wehrmacht, Spanish republicans serving with

Red Cross

Red Help International

Redondo y Ortega, Onésimo

reforma agraria

refugees, in Gibraltar, leave republican Spain, conditions of, enlisted in Second World War

Regler, Gustav

regulares
(Moroccan troops), role in
coup ďétat
, looting and rape, atrocities, made ‘honorary Christians’, in attack on Madrid, in battle of Corunna road, deployment, in Jarama offensive, in Brunete offensive, in Aragón offensive, loot Barcelona, participate in victory parade, hunt down guerrillas

Renau, Josep

Renovación Española

Republic,
see
Spanish Republic

República
,
see Navarra

republican air force, depleted, and battle of Ebro, surrender, ineffectiveness

republican army(People’s Army): formation, leadership, military theory, strength, command, structure, commissars, Stakhanovite mentality, tactics compared with Basques, communist influence, morale, communications, paranoia, reaction against communist influence, inflexible strategy, recriminations among leadership, depoliticization, improved tactics, destruction, reconstituted, reductions in foreign personnel, rearguard actions, surrenders

republican army formations
:

Army of Andalucia

Army of Levante

Army of the Centre

Army of the East

Army of the Ebro

Army of Estremadura

Army of the Levante

Army of the North

I Corps

II Corps

III Corps

IV Corps

V Corps

XI Corps

XII Corps

XIII Corps

XIV Corps

XV Corps

XVIII Corps

XIX Corps

XX Corps

XXII Corps

XIV Guerrilla Corps

3rd Division

10th Division

11th Division (Líster’s)

12th Division

13th Division

14th Division (Mera’s)

15th Division (Gal’s)

25th Division (anarchist)

26th Division (anarchist)

27th (Carlos Marx) Division (PSUC)

28th Division (anarchist)

29th Division (POUM)

29th Division (POUM)

30th Division

34th Division

35th Division (Walter’s)

40th Division

42nd Division

43rd Division

44th Division

45th Division (Kléber’s)

46th Division (El Campesino’s)

54th Division

56th Division

64th Division

68th Division

69th Division

70th Division

204th Division

Lenin Division (POUM)

2nd Brigade

10th Brigade

17th Brigade

18th Brigade

70th Brigade

84th Mixed Brigade

119th Brigade

127th Brigade

206th Brigade

226th Brigade

5th Regiment

International Tank Regiment

Grey Wolves of La Pasionaria

8th Battalion (UGT)

122nd Battalion

136th Battalion

see also
International Brigade units; militias

republican navy,
see also Almirante Fernández
;
Almirante Valdés; Churruca; Císcar; Jaime I; Lepanto; Libertad; Méndez Núñez; Sánchez Barcaíztegui

see
Carlists

Reus

revolutionary tribunals

Rey ďHarcourt, Colonel Domingo

Rheinmetall-Borsig

Rhineland

Ribbentrop, Joachim von