The Birth of the Pill: How Four Crusaders Reinvented Sex and Launched a Revolution (58 page)

Loy, Myrna, 197

Loyola University, 109

Lutheran Church, 297

Lysol, 37–38

MacArthur, Douglas, 210

machorras
(barren women), 165–66

Mailer, Norman, 16, 294

Maisel, Albert Q., 259, 331
n

Makepeace, A. W., 9

malaria, 4, 61, 164

Malthus, T. R., 47–48

“Malthusian belts,” 71

mammals, 2, 70, 71, 217

Mantle, Mickey, 145

March of Dimes, 162

Margaret Sanger Research Bureau, 56, 103, 171–72, 279

Marker, Russell, 135–39

Marot, Helen, 45

marriage, 6, 17, 18, 19, 36–37, 42, 43, 105–14, 125, 156, 165–66, 174–75, 185, 186, 187–88, 223, 245, 247, 272–73, 310, 320

Marriage Manual, A
(Stone), 272

Marsh, Ngaio, 85

Maryland, University of, 136

masculine characteristics, 191

Masonic Building, 214–15

Massachusetts, 95, 113, 130, 276, 295–96

Massachusetts, University of, Medical School, 322

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 91, 94, 101, 194, 304, 316–17

Masters, William, 12

masturbation, 5, 17, 42, 43, 107, 180

McCarthy, Joseph, 18, 186

McCormick, Katharine Dexter:

background of, 91

as birth control advocate, 90, 94–95, 98, 100–101, 140–45, 155, 156, 179–82, 199–200, 229, 235, 236, 258, 260, 280, 293, 304–5, 308, 309, 321–22

birth control pill supported by, 258, 260, 280, 293, 308

in Boston, 190–91, 199–200

correspondence of, 90, 100–101, 149, 158, 192, 199–200, 204, 206, 241, 304–5, 315

death of, 317

diaphragms imported by, 94–95

elitism of, 149, 158–59

as feminist, 93–96, 156, 193–94, 304, 316–17

Geneva chateau of, 90–91, 95

marriage of, 90–93, 95, 175

MIT degree of, 91, 94, 101, 194, 304, 316–17

personality of, 91–93

physical appearance of, 91

Pincus’s relationship with, 90, 140–42, 156–58, 190–91, 199–200, 206, 207, 241, 315

Pincus’s research funded by, 90, 99, 100–101, 140–45, 154, 155–57, 161, 172, 179–80, 189, 190–95, 199–200, 204, 206, 207, 241, 260, 296, 304–5, 309, 312, 315, 317, 321

Planned Parenthood funded by, 95, 98, 99, 193–95, 199

population control supported by, 193–95, 304–5

press coverage of, 95, 96

Puerto Rican trials as viewed by, 158–59, 161

racial views of, 158–59

Riven Rock estate of, 92–93, 96

Rock’s research supported by, 181–82, 193–94, 207, 304

Sanger’s relationship with, 90, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100–101, 140–45, 149, 199–200, 204, 235, 304–5

in Santa Barbara, Calif., 280

wealth of, 90, 95, 96, 97, 140–42, 175, 194, 309, 316–17

as widow, 90, 96, 97, 309

women’s suffrage supported by, 93–94

Worcester Foundation visited by, 99, 140–42, 157–58

McCormick, Mary Virginia, 92

McCormick, Stanley Robert, 90–91, 95, 96

McDougall, William, 53

McKenzie, Mrs. Edward B., 197–98

McLaughlin, Loretta, 227, 286

Meet the Press,
295

Memorial Hospital, 133

Mendez Ramos, Rafael, 170

menopause, 10, 286–87, 289, 292

menorrhagia, 257

menstruation, 4, 108–9, 112, 113, 117, 118, 119–20, 130, 132–33, 139, 179, 192, 232, 233, 234, 238, 242

“mental defectives,” 148

mental illness, 84, 93, 148

see also specific types

mental retardation, 52–53, 148

Mercier, Tina, 175

Merck and Co., 278

Mercury Seven astronauts, 279

Merrill, Anne, 192, 253–54

mestranol, 252–53, 301

metabolism, 154–55

Metalious, Grace, 222–23

Metamucil, 246, 247

Mexico, 135–36, 138

Mexico City, 135–36

Middletown
studies, 54

midwives, 204, 219, 251

Millay, Edna St. Vincent, 187

miscarriages, 221–22

Missouri, 126–27

Mizpah pessaries, 47

Model Penal Code, U.S., 294–95

Mohler, Albert, 309

monkeys, 122, 218

Montgomery, Ala., bus boycott (1955–56), 319

Mont Tremblant Lodge, 81, 234

mood disorders, 85

morning sickness, 263

“Mortality Among Contraceptive Pill Users,” 321

mortality rates, 48, 61, 164–65

Mosher, Clelia Duel, 37–38

Mount Sinai Hospital, 45

multiple-personality disorder, 175

Muncie, Ind., 54

Murrow, Edward R., 300

National Academy of Sciences, 72–73

National American Woman Suffrage Association, 94

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 65

National Catholic Register,
310

National Council of Jewish Women, 68

National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, 231

National Guard, U.S., 126–27

National Organization for Women (NOW), 319

National Research Council, 72

nausea, 132, 157, 172, 237–38, 242, 251, 252, 263, 291, 302

Nazism, 71, 149

NBC, 306

Negro Project, 53

Neuroendocrine Research Foundation, 176

neurosis, 14–16

New Drug Application (N.D.A.), 283–92, 293, 294

Newsweek,
306

New York City, 34–35, 53, 63, 150, 164, 170, 171

New York State, 47

New York State Court of Appeals, 49, 56

New York Times,
73–74, 76, 195–96, 223, 295, 299

New York Tribune,
47

“Next-Morning Pill, The,” 314

Niebuhr, Reinhold, 297

Nineteenth Amendment, 94

nipples, 171, 172

nitroglycerine, 293

Noonan, John T., 225

norethandrolone, 144–45

norethindrone, 144–45, 191, 201, 205, 206, 217, 232, 234, 256

norethynodrel (SC-4642), 144–45, 191, 201, 205, 206, 217, 232, 237–38, 256

Notre Dame, University of, 310

nursing, 225–26

Nydrazid, 246

Oberon Merle, 114

obstetricians, 133–34, 289

“off-label uses,” 260

Old Testament, 14, 107

Onan, 107

onanisma,
107

Oneida Community, 43

Operation Baldness, 119–20

orgasms, 14, 16–17, 106–7

Orgone Energy Accumulator, 16

Orizaba, Mexico, 135–36

Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 275, 316

ovaries, 10, 75, 110, 116, 122, 132, 205, 233, 257, 299

ovulation, 8, 10, 13, 21–23, 72–76, 80, 99–100, 116, 118, 128–29, 132–34, 154, 159, 172–73, 179, 182, 189, 190–91, 199, 204, 205, 218, 225, 226, 233

pancreas, 122, 123

panty raids, 126–27

papal encyclicals, 107–8, 310

Pap smears, 159, 201, 273–74, 281–82

paranoia, 174–75, 176

Parke-Davis, 137, 256

Parker, Fess, 124

Parkes, Alan Sterling, 215–18

Parks, Rosa, 220

parthenogenesis, 70

patient rights, 163

Paul VI, Pope, 307, 310–11

pellets, 119

penicillin, 26, 120, 164, 254, 262

penis, 12

Pennsylvania, University of, 123

Pennsylvania State College, 135, 137

perfusion, 26

“petite mort, la,” 15–16

Petry, Mrs. Richard, 198

petting, 126

Peyton Place
(Metalious), 222–23

Pfizer, 191

pharmaceuticals industry, 4, 26–28, 103, 128–29, 135–39, 216, 242–48, 252–57, 273–75, 300, 301–2

see also specific companies

pharmacopoeias, 282

phobias, 174, 175

physical deformities, 263

Piercy, Marge, 222

pill, birth control:

absorption of, 191–92

advertising for, 258, 260, 262, 274–75, 282, 283, 299

anecdotal evidence on, 260–61

brochure for, 278–79, 299–300, 302

calendar for, 238, 315–16

cancer risk of, 282, 287, 288, 289, 291

Catholic opposition to, 254, 259, 263, 266, 268, 269–71, 273, 278–79, 283, 284, 293, 296–98, 299, 303, 306–7, 309–11, 313

competition in, 192, 255–56, 275

contamination of, 252–53

as contraceptive, 281, 297–99

controversy of, 254–60, 266–68, 274–75, 280–81, 297–98

cost and pricing of, 296, 297, 300, 304–5, 313

DeFelice’s report on, 283–92, 297–99

development of, 1–11, 99–103, 118–20, 123, 128–32, 139, 154–55, 157, 162–63, 171, 181–82, 189, 190–95, 199–200, 214–18, 219, 237–38, 249, 255–62, 294, 299–301, 307–8, 309, 311–15, 321–23

directions for, 274, 277

dosage for, 206, 216, 232, 242–43, 252–53, 262, 274, 296, 300, 313

education on, 274, 277, 278–79, 299–300, 302, 303

effectiveness of, 3–4, 199–200, 262, 285–86, 291–92

Enovid as trademark name of, 242, 249–50, 252, 256–59, 260, 261, 262–63, 264, 269–70, 273–75, 277, 278, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287, 289, 290, 296, 297–99, 302, 304, 305, 311, 313, 317

FDA approval of, 242–43, 245, 253, 256–57, 258, 261–62, 274–75, 277, 281–92, 297–303, 308, 311

FDA first decision on, 297–303, 308

FDA questionnaire on, 289–92, 297

FDA second decision on, 303, 308, 311

first day of sale for (October 1, 1957), 262–63

formula for, 201

as infertility drug, 256–57, 258, 259, 265

in-house newsletter on, 302

introduction of, 199–200, 201, 204, 213–18, 219, 249–59, 273–75

label for, 192, 277, 299

legal issues for, 276, 294–95

long-term effects of, 157, 181–82, 205, 252–57, 260–61, 274–75, 281–92, 320–21

male reaction to, 264–65

manufacture of, 4, 128–29, 135–39, 216, 242–48, 252–57, 273–75, 300, 301–2

marketing of, 242–48, 261–62, 269–70, 273–79, 292, 300, 302–4, 318

McCormick’s support for, 258, 260, 280, 293, 308

media coverage of, 163, 164, 192, 195–99, 208–9, 259–60, 264, 265, 266–68, 295, 299, 306–7, 312, 313, 314

for men, 179–80, 296

menstruation and, 253, 256–59, 271, 278, 281, 286–87, 292, 315

mestranol in, 252–53, 301

official announcement of, 199–200, 201, 204, 213–18, 219, 258–59

ovulation controlled by, 262, 265, 269–71, 278, 287, 299, 312

package for, 315–16

patents for, 128–29, 163, 300–301, 315–16

Pincus’s development of, 1–11, 23, 199–200, 201, 213–18, 219, 237–38, 249, 255–62, 294, 299–301, 307–8, 309, 311–15, 321–23

plastic paperweight given with, 302–3

popularity of, 313, 316, 319–23

premature menopause from, 286–87, 289, 292

prescription for, 4, 257, 258–59, 260–61, 264, 270, 277–78, 280, 285–86, 289, 297, 301–3, 305, 316, 320–21

profits from, 255–56, 303

progesterone in, 135–39, 144–46, 278, 301

publicity for, 192, 199–200, 201, 205, 218, 231, 248, 263–64, 280–81, 302–4

public opinion on, 256, 263–64, 302–4

Rock’s promotion of, 249, 259, 277–79, 287–90, 299, 306–7, 308

sales for, 199–200, 201, 321

Sanger’s support for, 3–4, 30, 258, 260, 293, 294, 295–96, 308

scientific evaluation of, 215–18, 283–92, 297–99

Searle as manufacturer of, 249, 254–59, 264, 283, 285–92, 293, 297–304, 311, 315–16

side effects of, 61, 128, 181, 191–92, 201–2, 205, 217, 218, 237–38, 240, 242–43, 248, 249, 251–53, 260–62, 265, 273–75, 281–92, 296, 298, 300, 313, 320–21

social impact of, 254–55, 264–68, 276–77, 278, 279–80, 281, 284, 295, 309–23

statistical data collected on, 242–43, 253, 281–82, 283, 288, 298, 320–21

stockholder return on, 303

success rate for, 262, 285–86, 291–92

synthetic hormones in, 135–39, 144–46, 191, 201, 205, 217, 232, 256

tablet form of, 10, 249

“The Pill” as name for, 303–4, 313

women’s support for, 192–93, 253–54, 303–7, 310, 312–13

pillboxes, 315–16

Pincus, Alexander Gregorovich, 63

Pincus, Alex John, 69–70, 79, 81, 87

Pincus, Bernard, 69

Pincus, Elizabeth Notkin (Lizzie), 68–70, 79–88, 89, 202–3, 204, 206–7, 214, 272, 273, 307–8, 314

Pincus, Gregory Goodwin (Goody):

ambition of, 2, 4, 10, 62, 72–77, 101–2, 206–7, 299–301

animal testing methodology of, 2, 3, 20–23, 26–28, 98–99, 153–56, 225

background of, 62–68

as birth control pill advocate, 1–11, 23, 99–103, 118–20, 123, 128–32, 139, 154–55, 157, 162–63, 171, 181–82, 189, 190–95, 199–200, 201, 213–18, 219, 237–38, 249, 255–62, 294, 299–301, 307–8, 309, 311–15, 321–23

birth control pill developed by, 1–11, 23, 199–200, 201, 213–18, 219, 237–38, 249, 255–62, 294, 299–301, 307–8, 309, 311–15, 321–23

birth of, 64–65

in Boston, 87–88, 190–91, 199–200

at Cambridge University, 71, 77

chess played by, 85

at Clark University, 2–3, 15, 78–81, 131

as controversial figure, 2, 73–82, 83, 102–3, 162–63, 215–16

at Cornell University, 66–68

correspondence of, 27–28, 66, 67–68, 119, 158, 192, 206, 219, 237–40, 241, 260, 299–300, 312, 315, 331
n

death of, 315

diary of, 65

at Dorado Beach Hotel, 307–8

driving by, 6–7, 84–85, 190, 200, 261

employees of, 27–28, 82–83, 88–89, 110, 153, 179, 273–74

eugenics as viewed by, 71, 73–74

as father, 69–70, 79, 81, 83–88

fertility studies of, 99–100, 128–29, 225, 226

finances and funding of, 2, 8, 11, 22–23, 26–28, 58–61, 72, 77–79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85–86, 88, 118–20, 128–30, 140–45, 153–54, 162–63, 206–7, 232, 235, 255–56, 300–301, 305–6, 314

at Harvard University, 2, 9, 69–78, 79, 93, 102, 103–4, 111, 131, 154, 206–7, 259, 309

health of, 311–15

human trials conducted by, 128–29, 140, 152, 156–61, 171–80, 192–93, 200, 201–2, 204, 205, 213, 217, 229–32, 234, 248, 249–52, 260–61, 273–74, 281–82, 283, 296–97, 304, 309, 321

in vitro
fertilization by, 2, 72–73, 80, 110, 111–12, 154, 162, 163

Jewish ancestry of, 2, 62–63, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79, 103–4, 313

at Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, 71

leadership of, 131–32, 162–63, 164, 205–6, 216–17, 260–61

marriage of, 3, 68–70, 79–88, 189, 202–3, 206–7, 214, 307–8, 314