The Fever: How Malaria Has Ruled Humankind for 500,000 Years (39 page)
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Authors: Sonia Shah
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93
. Lewis W. Hackett,
Malaria in Europe: An Ecological Study
(London: Oxford University Press, 1937), 175.
4. MALARIAL ECOLOGIES
1
. Robert Sallares,
Malaria and Rome: A History of Malaria in Ancient Italy
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 182.
2
. Robert Sallares, “Role of Environmental Changes in the Spread of Malaria in Europe During the Holocene,”
Quaternary International
150 (2006): 21–27.
3
. Richard Carter and Kamini Mendis, “Evolutionary and Historical Aspects of the Burden of Malaria,”
Clinical Microbiology Reviews
15, no. 4 (October 2002): 564–94.
4
. Mario Coluzzi, “The Clay Feet of the Malaria Giant and Its African Roots,”
Parassitologia
41 (1999): 280.
5
. Lewis W. Hackett,
Malaria in Europe: An Ecological Study
(London: Oxford University Press, 1937), 41.
6
. Andrew Spielman and Michael D’Antonio,
Mosquito: A Natural History of Our Most Persistent and Deadly Foe
(New York: Hyperion, 2001), 5–6.
7
. Ibid., 7–8, 41.
8
. Competitive interactions between larvae of different
Anopheline
species that lead to increased mortality have been observed in laboratory settings. See C.J.M. Koenraadt et al., “The Effect of Food and Space on the Occurrence of Cannibalism and Predation Among Larvae of
Anopheles gambiae
sl,”
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
112 (2004): 125–34.
9
. Carter and Mendis, “Evolutionary and Historical Aspects of the Burden of Malaria,” 564–94.
10
. Leonard Jan Bruce-Chwatt and Julian de Zulueta,
The Rise and Fall of Malaria in Europe: A Historico-Epidemiological Study
(Oxford: Oxford University Press/ Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization, 1980), 89.
11
. Sallares,
Malaria and Rome
, 97.
12
. Ibid., 186.
13
. Ibid., 134.
14
. Robert Sallares, Abigail Bouwman, and Cecilia Anderung, “The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity: New Approaches to Old Problems,”
Medical History
48 (2004): 311–28.
15
. Sallares,
Malaria and Rome
, 134.
16
. Alessandro Perosa et al., “Febris: A Poetic Myth Created by Poliziano,”
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
9 (1946): 86.
17
. Spielman and D’Antonio,
Mosquito
, 49.
18
. Sallares,
Malaria and Rome
, 4.
19
. Interview with David Soren, January 11, 2007.
20
. Bruce-Chwatt and de Zulueta,
The Rise and Fall of Malaria in Europe
, 13.
21
. Sallares,
Malaria and Rome
, 103.
22
. Coluzzi, “The Clay Feet of the Malaria Giant,” 280.
23
. Bruce-Chwatt and de Zulueta,
The Rise and Fall of Malaria in Europe
, 23, and R. Sallares, “Role of Environmental Changes in the Spread of Malaria in Europe During the Holocene,”
Quaternary International
150 (2006): 21–27.
24
. Sallares, “Role of Environmental Changes in the Spread of Malaria in Europe,” 21–27.
25
. Ibid.
26
. Sallares,
Malaria and Rome
, 49–53.
27
. Ibid.
28
. Perosa et al., “Febris,” 88.
29
. Ibid.; David Soren and Noelle Soren, eds.,
A Roman Villa and a Late Roman Infant Cemetery: Excavation at Poggio Gramignano Lugnano in Teverina
(Rome: L’erma di Bretschneider, 1999), 648.
30
. F. E. Romer, “Famine, Pestilence, and Brigandage in Italy in the Fifth Century AD,” in Soren and Soren, eds.,
A Roman Villa
, 465.
31
. Ibid., 469.
32
. Interview with David Soren, January 11, 2007.
33
. David Soren, “Can Archaeologists Excavate Evidence of Malaria?”
World Archaeology
35 (2003): 193–209.
34
. Sallares,
Malaria and Rome
, 205.
35
. Carter and Mendis, “Evolutionary and Historical Aspects of the Burden of Malaria,” 564–94.
36
. Paul Reiter, “From Shakespeare to Defoe: Malaria in England in the Little Ice Age,”
Emerging Infectious Diseases
6, no. 1 ( January/February 2000): 1–14.
38
. Frank M. Snowden,
The Conquest of Malaria: Italy, 1900–1962
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006), 39–40.
39
. Fiammetta Rocco,
The Miraculous Fever-Tree: Malaria and the Quest for a Cure That Changed the World
(New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 36.
40
. Ibid.
41
. Sallares,
Malaria and Rome
, 53.
42
. Ibid., 231.
43
. Perosa et al., “Febris,” 86.
44
. Quoted in Sallares,
Malaria and Rome
, 227.
45
. Ibid., 9, quoting
Letters of Horace Walpole
, ed. C. D. Yonge (1889).
46
. Quoted in Daniel Pick, “‘
Roma o Morte
’: Garibaldi, Nationalism and the Problem of Psycho-biography,”
History Workshop Journal
57 (2004): 1–33.
47
. Mary Keele, ed.,
Florence Nightingale in Rome: Letters Written by Florence Nightingale in Rome in the Winter of 1847–1848
(Philadelphia, Penn.: American Philosophical Society, 1981), 27.
48
. Ibid.
49
. Quoted in Pick, “‘
Roma o Morte
’: Garibaldi, Nationalism and the Problem of Psycho-biography,” 1–33.
50
. Quoted in Sallares,
Malaria and Rome
, 176.
51
. Snowden,
The Conquest of Malaria
, 33.
52
. Ibid., 16.
53
. Theodore Steinberg,
Nature Incorporated: Industrialization and the Waters of New England
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 12; and Walter H. Voskuil,
The Economics of Water Power Development
(Chicago and New York: A. W. Shaw Company, 1928), 3.
54
. Ibid.
55
. Interview with Susan McKnight, March 7, 2007; James Stevens Simmons, “The Transmission of Malaria by the
Anopheles
Mosquitoes of North America,” in Forest Ray Moulton, ed.,
A Symposium on Human Malaria with Special Reference to North America and the Caribbean Region
(Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1941), 113–19; T.H.D. Griffitts, “Impounded Waters and Malaria,”
Southern Medical Journal
19 (1926): 367–70.
56
. Todd L. Savitt and James Harvey Young, eds.,
Disease and Distinctiveness in the American South
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 37.
57
. John Frederick Schroeder,
Memoir of the Life and Character of Mrs. Mary Anna Boardman
(New Haven, Conn.: T. J. Stafford, 1849), 130.
58
. Ibid., 130.
59
. Rachel D. Carley,
Voices from the Past: A History as Told by the New Milford Historical Society’s Portraits and Paintings
(West Kennebunk, Maine: New Milford Historical Society by Phoenix Pub., 2000), 44–48.
60
. Ibid.
61
. Ibid.
62
. Ibid.
63
.
www.ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/ct/litchfield/history/
1882/historyo/churchof44gms.txt
.
64
. See
www.ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/ct/litchfield/history/
1882/historyo/churchof44gms.txt
; G. H. Waldrop, Jr., “Grist Mills of New Milford: Little Falls Mill,” New Milford Historical Society, November 1998, and biographical data on Capt. Joseph Ruggles, New Milford Historical Society; Oliver Wendell Holmes,
Boylston Prize Dissertations for the Years 1836 and 1837
(Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1838), 55.
65
. Holmes,
Boylston Prize Dissertations for the Years 1836 and 1837
, 56–57; see
www.sots.ct.gov/RegisterManual/SectionVII/
Population1756.htm
.
66
. Letter to Samuel Whiting, Esq., of Great Barrington, Mass., from Elijah Boardman, dated 1796. From New Milford Historical Society, Boardman Papers, folder 1.
67
. Ibid.
68
. David A. Warrell and Herbert M. Gilles, eds.,
Essential Malariology
, 4th ed. (London: Hodder Arnold, 2002), 196.
69
. John T. Cumbler,
Northeast and Midwest United States: An Environmental History
(Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2005), 73.
70
. Holmes,
Boylston Prize Dissertations for the Years 1836 and 1837
, 55.
71
. Schroeder,
Memoir of the Life and Character of Mrs. Mary Anna Boardman
, 143.
72
. Margaret Humphreys,
Malaria: Poverty, Race, and Public Health in the United States
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 37.
73
. John Duffy, “Impact of Malaria on the South,” in Savitt and Young, eds.,
Disease and Distinctiveness in the American South
, 41.
74
. Erwin H. Ackerknecht,
Malaria in the Upper Mississippi Valley, 1760–1900
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1945), 56.
75
. “Where Malaria Is Bred: The Underground Streams and Swamps of the City,”
New York Times
, November 6, 1883.
76
. “Malarial Sickness: The Fever in Long Island City,”
New York Times
, October 1, 1877.
77
. “Malaria’s Baleful Work,”
New York Times
, August 22, 1881.
78
. “Where Malaria Is Bred.”
79
. Ibid.
80
. “Long Island Malaria,”
New York Times
, October 3, 1877.
81
. “Where Malaria Is Bred.”
82
. “Malaria’s Baleful Work.”
83
. Correspondence with Michael Raber, July 21, 2006.