The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade (98 page)

27.
Swanton, p. 135 n. 9.

28.
Ian Howard,
Swein Forkbeard’s Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017
(2003), pp. 62–63.

29.
Swanton, p. 143.

30.
Ibid., pp. 143–145; William of Malmesbury, pp. 302–303.

Chapter Seventy
The Baptism of the Rus

1.
Toynbee, pp. 10–11.

2.
Mark Whittow,
The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025
(1996), pp. 321–322.

3.
Ibn Fadlan,
Ibn Fadlan’s Journey to Russia,
trans. Richard N. Frye (2005), pp. 64–65.

4.
Ibid., pp. 68–70; Franklin and Shepard, pp. 44–45.

5.
Jones,
History of the Vikings
, p. 260.

6.
Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, p. 68.

7.
Leo the Deacon, p. 156.

8.
Wladyslaw Duczko,
Viking Rus
(2004), pp. 214–215.

9.
Toynbee, pp. 499–505; Whittow, pp. 258–259.

10.
B. J. Kidd,
Documents Illustrative of the History of the Church
, vol. 3 (1920), p. 103.

11.
Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, p. 84.

12.
Vasiliev, p. 302.

13.
Leo the Deacon, pp. 58, 82.

14.
Ostrogorsky, pp. 284–285.

15.
Leo the Deacon, p. 83.

16.
Ostrogorsky, pp. 284–285; Leo the Deacon, pp. 85–86.

17.
Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, p. 87. The chronology of these events is not entirely clear, but this is one of several plausible reconstructions. See also Whittow, pp. 260–261, and Ostrogorsky, pp. 292–293.

18.
Leo the Deacon, pp. 136–141.

19.
Ibid., p. 147.

20.
Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, p. 90.

21.
Jones,
History of the Vikings
, pp. 262–263.

22.
Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, p. 113.

23.
Ibid., pp. 97–98, 116

24.
Ibid., p. 117.

Chapter Seventy-One
The Holy Roman Emperor

1.
Simon of Kéza,
Gesta Hungarorum
, trans. Lászlo Veszprémy and Frank Schaer (1999), p. 91.

2.
Ibid., p. 93; Paul Lendvai,
The Hungarians
, trans. Ann Major (2003), pp. 27–28.

3.
Uta-Renate Blumenthal,
The Investiture Controversy
(1988), p 39.

4.
Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 116–117. The oath was actually taken in two parts, one recorded in 961 and the second in 962.

5.
J. N. D. Kelly,
The Oxford Dictionary of Popes
(1986), pp. 126–127.

6.
Susan Wood,
The Proprietary Church in the Medieval West
(2006), pp. 16–17.

7.
Book of Acts 8:18–24.

8.
Wood, p. 299.

9.
Thatcher and McNeal, p. 118.

10.
Kelly,
Oxford Dictionary of Popes
, p. 127.

11.
Timothy Reuter and Rosamond McKitterick, eds.,
The New Cambridge Medieval History
, vol. 3 (1999), p. 254.

12.
Thietmar of Merseburg,
Ottonian Germany
(2001), pp. 126–127; Reuter and McKitterick, p. 255.

13.
Thietmar of Merseburg, p. 149.

14.
Ibid., p. 150; Gerd Althoff,
Otto III
(2003), pp. 33–34.

15.
Althoff, pp. 38–39.

16.
F. L. Ganshof,
Feudalism
, trans. Philip Grierson (1996), pp. 3–9.

17.
Thatcher and McNeal, p. 412.

18.
Blumenthal, p. 11.

Chapter Seventy-Two
The Hardship of Sacred War

1.
Keay, p. 204; Satish Chandra,
Medieval India
(2000), p. 17.

2.
Sircar, pp. 290–291.

3.
Quoted in Ray, p. 81.

4.
Quoted in Keay, pp. 204–205.

5.
Abu al-Nasr Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Jabbar al-Utbi,
Kitab-i-Yamini
, trans. James Reynolds (1858), pp. 23–24, 33.

6.
Ibid., p. 39; Keay, p. 206.

7.
Quoted in Elliot and Dowson, pp. 26–27; Chandra, p. 17.

8.
Chandra, p. 18.

9.
Ibid., p. 19.

10.
Romesh Chunder Dutt,
A History of Civilisation in Ancient India
(2000), pp. 325–326.

11.
Ibn Fadlan, pp. 37–38.

12.
James Heitzman,
Gifts of Power
(1997), p. 6; Keay, p. 216; E. Hultzsch and H. Krishna Sastri,
Miscellaneous Inscriptions from the Tamil Country
(1899), “Tiruvalangadu Copper-Plates,” v. 84.

13.
Pechilis Prentiss, pp. 100–101, 104.

14.
Hultzsch and Sastri, “Tiruvalangadu Copper-Plates,” v. 87, 96–97.

15.
Ronald Findlay and Kevin H. O’Rourke, Power and Plenty (2007), p. 68; Hultzsch and Sastri, “Tiruvalangadu Copper-Plates,” v. 92.

16.
Hultzsch and Sastri, “Tiruvalangadu Copper-Plates,” v. 98, v. 112.

17.
Heitzman, pp. 6–10.

18.
Sen, p. 44.

Chapter Seventy-Three
Basil the Bulgar-Slayer

1.
Michael Psellus,
Fourteen Byzantine Rulers
, trans. E. R. A. Sewter (1966), p. 27.

2.
John Van Antwerp Fine,
The Early Medieval Balkans
(1983), p. 189.

3.
Ostrogorsky, p. 301.

4.
Psellus, pp. 31, 35.

5.
Franklin and Shepard, pp. 162–163; Psellus, p. 35.

6.
Psellus, p. 43.

7.
Ibid., pp. 40, 43–44, 46.

8.
Ostrogorsky, pp. 309–310; Curta, pp. 244–245.

9.
Marshall G. S. Hodgson,
The Venture of Islam
, vol. 2 (1974), pp. 26–27.

10.
Karen Armstrong,
Jerusalem
(1996), pp. 258–259.

11.
Whittow, p. 381; Farhad Daftary,
A Short History of the Ismailis
(1998), pp. 101, 185.

12.
R. J. Crampton,
A Concise History of Bulgaria
(1997), pp. 21–22.

13.
Armstrong, Jerusalem, pp. 259–260; Hodgson,
Venture of Islam
, vol. 2 pp. 26–27.

Chapter Seventy-Four
Defending the Mandate

1.
Peter Lorge,
War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China
(2005), p. 32.

2.
Karl F. Olsson, “The Structure of Power under the Third Emperor of Sung China” (1974) pp. 26–27.

3.
Twitchett et al., p. 99.

4.
Van de Ven, p. 185.

5.
Twitchett et al., p. 99.

6.
Peter Kees Bol,
“This Culture of Ours”
(1992), p. 55.

7.
Lorge, pp. 33–34; Bol, pp. 51–52, 55.

8.
Chuanjing Ding and Chu Djang,
A Compilation of Anecdotes of Sung Personalities
, trans. by Zhang Chu and Zhu Zhang (1989), p. 23.

9.
Van de Ven, p. 189.

10.
Jinsheng Tao,
Two Sons of Heaven
(1988), pp. 15–16.

11.
Edward L. Davis,
Society and the Supernatural in Song China
(2001), p. 68.

12.
Shepard Krech et al.,
Encyclopedia of World Environmental History
, vol. 2 (2004), p. 602.

13.
Paludan, p. 130.

14.
Joseph Needham and Cunxun Qian,
Science and Civilization in China
, vol. 5 (1985), p. 97.

Chapter Seventy-Five
The New Found Land

1.
Thorsson, pp. 637–638.

2.
Ibid., pp. 638–641.

3.
Ibid., p. 639.

4.
Ibid., pp. 644–645.

5.
Ibid., p. 647.

6.
Ibid., pp. 648, 670; Helge Ingstad and Anne Stine Ingstad,
The Viking Discovery of America
(2001), p. 48.

7.
Alice Beck Kehoe,
America Before the European Invasions
(2002), p. 1.

8.
Stuart J. Fiedel,
Prehistory of the Americas
(1987), pp. 152–153, 156–157; Kehoe, p. 102.

9.
Fiedel, pp. 237, 254–257; Kehoe, pp. 175–177.

10.
Kehoe, pp. 148–150; Fiedel, pp. 214–217.

11.
Adams, p. 63.

12.
Ibid., pp. 63–65.

13.
Hans J. Prem,
The Ancient Americas
(1997), pp. 18–19; Robert J. Sharer and Sylvanus Griswold Morley,
The Ancient Maya
, 5th ed. (1994), pp. 471–472; Nicholas J. Saunders,
Ancient Americas
(2004), p. 84.

14.
Adams, p. 79; Saunders,
Ancient Americas
, p. 48.