The Invisible Handcuffs of Capitalism: How Market Tyranny Stifles the Economy by Stunting Workers (46 page)

92.
Kenneth Warren,
Industrial Genius: The Working Life of Charles Michael Schwab
(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2007), 77.

93.
Michael J. Piore, “The Impact of the Labor Market upon the Design and Selection of Productive Techniques within the Manufacturing Plant,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics
, Vol. 82, No. 4 (November 1968): 610.

94.
J. Cox, “The Evolution of Tomato Canning Machinery”; quoted in Peter
Phillips and Martin Brown, “The Historical Origin of Job Ladders on the U.S. Canning Industry and Their Effects on the Gender Division of Labour,”
Cambridge Journal of Economics
, Vol. 10, No. 2 (June 1986): 134.

95.
Frederick Winslow Taylor,
The Principles of Scientific Management
(1911; New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1967), 7, 65–67.

96.
Robert Kanigel,
The One Best Way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency
(New York: Viking, 1997).

97.
William Stanley Jevons, “On the Natural Laws of Muscular Exertion,”
Nature
, Vol. 2 (June 30, 1870): 158–60; see also Harro Maas,
William Stanley Jevons and the Making of Modern Economics
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 200.

98.
Jevons,
The Theory of Political Economy,
189.

99.
See Michael V. White, “In the Lobby of the Energy Hotel: Jevons’s Formulation of the Postclassical ‘Economic Problem’,”
History of Political Economy
, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Summer 2004): 227–71.

100.
Anson Rabinbach,
The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue, and the Origins of Modernity
(New York: Basic Books, 1990), 46.

101.
Alfred Marshall, “Letter to Francis Ysidro Edgeworth” (August 28, 1892), in ed. John K. Whitaker,
The Correspondence of Alfred Marshall
, Vol. 2,
At the Summit, 1891–1902
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996): 71–72.

102.
David Spencer,
The Political Economy of Work
(London: Routledge, 2009), ch. 5.

103.
Karl Marx,
Capital
, Vol. 1 (New York: Vintage, 1977), 279.

104.
Arnold C. Harberger, “Monopoly and Resource Allocation,”
American Economic Review
, Vol. 44, No. 2 (May 1954): 77.

105.
Arnold C. Harberger, “Using the Resources at Hand More Effectively,”
American Economic Review
, Vol. 49, No. 2 (May 1959): 134–46.

106.
Harberger, “Monopoly and Resource Allocation,” 87.

107.
Robert Mundell, “Book Review: L. H. Janssen, “Free Trade, Protection and Customs Union,”
American Economic Review,
Vol. 52, No. 3 (June 1962): 622.

108.
Harvey Leibenstein, “Allocative Efficiency vs. ‘X-Efficiency’,”
American Economic Review
, Vol. 56, No. 3 (June 1966): 392–415.

109.
Leo Tolstoy,
War and Peace
(New York: Modern Library, 2004), Part XIV, II.

110.
John R. Hicks, “Annual Survey of Economic Theory: The Theory of Monopoly,”
Econometrica
, Vol. 3, No. 1 (January 1935): 8; and
Value and Capital
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1935), 265.

111.
Mark Perlman and J. W. Dean, “Harvey Leibenstein as a Pioneer of Our Time,”
The Economic Journal
, Vol. 108, No. 446 (January 1998): 141.

112.
George J. Stigler, “The Xistence of X-Efficiency,”
American Economic Review
, Vol. 66, No. 1 (1976): 213.

113.
Michael Perelman,
The Confiscation of American Prosperity: From
Right-Wing Extremism and Economic Ideology to the Next Great Depression
(New York: Palgrave, 2007), 9.

114.
George J. Stigler, “The Xistence of X-Efficiency,” 216.

115.
Arnold C. Harberger, “A Vision of the Growth Process,”
American Economic Review
, Vol. 88, No. 1 (March 1998): 1.

116.
Ibid., 3.

117.
Ibid., 4.

118.
Leo Ernest Durocher,
Nice Guys Finish Last
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975), 13.

119.
Richard Thaler, “Mortgages Made Simpler,”
New York Times
, July 5, 2009.

120.
See Richard Thaler and Sherwin Rosen, “The Value of Saving a Life: Evidence from the Labor Market,” in ed. N. Terleckyj,
Household Production and Consumption
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 265–98.

121.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
June 6, 2008, “Work-Related Injury Deaths among Hispanics–United States, 1992–2006,”
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5722a1.htm
.

122.
Roger Lowenstein, “Exuberance Is Rational or at Least Human,”
New York Times Magazine
, February 11, 2001.

123.
See Michael Perelman,
Manufacturing Discontent: The Trap of Individualism in a Corporate Society
(London: Pluto, 2005), 123–29, 163–67.

124.
See Seth Borenstein, “How to Value Life? EPA Devalues Its Estimate,”
Sacramento Bee,
July 13, 2008, D 1.

125.
John D. Graham,
Comparing Opportunities to Reduce Health Risks: Toxin Control, Medicine and Injury Prevention
(Dallas: National Center For Policy Analysis, 1995).

126.
Richard Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein,
Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).

127.
Upton Sinclair,
American Outpost: A Book of Reminiscences
(1932; Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press, 1969), 175.

128.
Eric Schlosser,
Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 172.

129.
Conference Board, “U.S Job Satisfaction Declines, the Conference Board Reports,” February 23, 2007.

130.
Burt Helm, “It’s Not A McJob, It’s A McCalling,”
Business Week
, June 4, 2007, 13.

131.
Conference Board, “U.S Job Satisfaction Declines, the Conference Board Reports.”

132.
Roddy Boyd, “N.Y. Exec Knew of Problems: Ex-Honcho,”
New York Post
, January 5, 2006.

133.
Charles Babbage,
On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures
(1835; New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1971), 54.

134.
Amanda Schaffer, “Fighting Bedsores with a Team Approach,”
New York Times,
February 19, 2008.

1.
Frank H. Knight, “Cost of Production and Price over Long and Short Periods,”
Journal of Political Economy
, Vol. 29, No. 4 (April 1921): 313.

2.
See Robert E. Lucas, Jr.,
Models of Business Cycles. The Yjiro Jannson Lectures
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), 54.

3.
Simon Nelson Patten,
The New Basis of Civilization
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1968), 141 and 137.

4.
United States Census Bureau,
Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2007
(Washington, D.C.: United States Census Bureau, 2007), Table 587.

5.
Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto,
The State of Working America, 2006/2007
(Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2007), 38.

6.
Edward C. Prescott, “Why Do Americans Work So Much More than Europeans?,”
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review
, Vol. 28, No. 1 (July 2004): 2–13.

7.
Adam Smith,
Early Draft of The Wealth of Nations
in
Lectures on Jurisprudence
, eds. R. L. Meek, D. D. Raphael, and P. G. Stein (1758; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), IV.i.9, 183.

8.
Ibid., IV.i.6, 180.

9.
Ibid., IV.i.8, 181.

10.
Ibid.

11.
Ibid., 182.

12.
Adam Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
, 2 vols., eds. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (1789; New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), I.x.b.26, 124.

13.
Mark Twain,
The Autobiography of Mark Twain
(New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2000), 32.

14.
Robert Whaples, “Winning the Eight-Hour Day, 1909–1919,”
Journal of Economic History
, Vol. 50, No. 2 (June 1990): 393; see also Daniel T. Rogers,
The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850–1920
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 157 ff.

15.
John Kenneth Galbraith, The
New Industrial State
(1967; Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton, 2007), 334.

16.
Daniel T. Rogers,
The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850-1920
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 156; citing the Ohio Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Second Annual Report
(Columbus, 1879), 281.

17.
David Montgomery,
Beyond Equality
(New York: Knopf, 1967), 236; citing the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor,
Annual Report
(Boston, 1870), 221.

18.
James Warren Prothro,
The Dollar Decade: Business Ideas in the 1920’s
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1954), 6–7.

19.
Janny Scott, “Cities Shed Middle Class, and Are Richer and Poorer for It,”
New York Times
, July 23, 2006.

20.
William Temple,
Essay on Trade and Commerce
(London, 1770), 266; see also Edgar Furniss,
The Position of the Laborer in a System of Nationalism
(New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1965), 14–15.

21.
Maurice Cranston,
John Locke: A Biography
(New York: Macmillan, 1957), 425.

22.
See John Brown,
A Memoir of Robert Blincoe, An Orphan Boy, Sent from the Workhouse at St. Pancras, London at Seven Years of Age to Endure the Horrors of a Cotton Mill
(Manchester: J. Doherty, 1832).

23.
See Michael Perelman,
The Invention of Capitalism: The Secret History of Primitive Accumulation
(Durham: Duke University Press, 2000), 64.

24.
Gary M. Anderson and Robert D. Tollison, “Ideology, Interest Groups, and the Repeal of the Corn Laws,”
Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft
, Vol. 141, No. 2 (June 1985): 197–212; Friederich Engels, “The English Ten Hours’ Bill,”
Neue Rheinische Zeitung Politischökonomische Revue,
No. 4, March 1850 in Karl Marx and Friederich Engels,
Collected Works
, Vol. 10, September 1849–June 1851 (New York: International Publishers, 1978), 288–300.

25.
Paul Glader, “At 78, Bonnie Rooks Likes a ‘Dirty Old Job’ in an Ohio Steel Mill: Great-Grandmother Enjoys a Paycheck, Younger Pals; Paying a Child’s Mortgage,”
Wall Street Journal,
August 10, 2005, A 1.

26.
Mitra Toossie, “Labor Force Projections to 2016: More Workers in Their Golden Years,”
Monthly Labor Review
, Vol. 130, No. 11 (November 2007): 33–52.

27.
Quoted in Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli,
Faith and Credit: The World Bank’s Secular Empire
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 106.

28.
Nassau Senior, “Letter to Charles Poulett Thompson” (March 28, 1837), in
Letters on the Factory Act, As it Affects the Cotton Manufactures
; reprinted in Nassau Senior,
Selected Writings on Economics, a Volume of Pamphlets, 1827–1852
(New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966), 12.

29.
Karl Marx,
Capital
. Vol. 1 (New York: Vintage, 1977), ch. 9.

30.
Hans Staehle, “Technology, Utilization and Production,”
Bulletin de l’Institut Internationale de Statistique
, Vol. 34, Part 4 (1955): 127, 133.

31.
Michael Perelman,
The Pathology of the U.S. Economy Revisited: The Intractable Contradictions of Economic Policy
(New York: Palgrave, 2001), 117–19.

32.
Joseph A. Schumpeter,
Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist System
, 2 vols. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1939), v.