The Invisible Handcuffs of Capitalism: How Market Tyranny Stifles the Economy by Stunting Workers (48 page)

64.
Smith,
The Theory of Moral Sentiments
, eds. D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), ii, II, 3, 2, 86; see also Smith,
Lectures on Jurisprudence,
539.

65.
Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
(Oxford University Press, 1976), I.iii.1, 31.

66.
Ibid., I.iv.1, 37.

67.
Sarah Jordon,
The Anxieties of Idleness: Idleness in Eighteenth-Century British Literature and Culture
(Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2003), 55.

68.
Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
(Oxford University Press, 1976), I.x.c.27, 145.

69.
Freeman Dyson,
Disturbing the Universe
(New York: Harper Colophon, 1979), 51.

1.
Adam Smith,
Lectures on Jurisprudence
, eds. R. L. Meek, D. D. Raphael, and P. G. Stein (1762–1766; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), 205 and 487.

2.
Edward Thompson, “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century,”
Past and Present
, Vol. 50 (February 1971): 76–136.

3.
Smith,
Lectures on Jurisprudence,
iii, 143, 197; and Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
, 2 vols., eds. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (1789; New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), IV.v.b.8, 527. See also David Hume, “An Inquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals” in
The Philosophical Works of David Hume
, Vol. 4, eds. T. H. Green and T. H. Gross (New York: Scientia Verlag, 1964), book 3, para. 147.

4.
Martin J. Sklar,
The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism: 1890–1916
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 103.

5.
Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,
IV.v.b.26, 534.

6.
Ibid., IV.v.a.3, 524.

7.
Ibid, I.x.c.24, 144.

8.
Smith,
Lectures on Jurisprudence
, 539.

9.
Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
, V.i.f.51, 783; almost repeated verbatim at V.i.f.61, 788.

10.
Smith,
Lectures on Jurisprudence,
V.i.f.61, 788.

11.
Ibid., V.i.g.12, 795.

12.
Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
, V.i.b.2, 709–10.

13.
Ibid., I.vii.27, 78–79.

14.
Ibid., I.viii.44, 99.

15.
Ibid., IV.ii.30: 464–65.

16.
Smith,
Lectures on Jurisprudence,
189, 202.

17.
Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
, V.i.f.49, 781.

18.
Ibid., V.i.f.50, 781–82.

19.
Ibid., V.i.a.21, 699.

20.
Ibid., V.i.a.14, 697.

21.
Ibid., V.i.f.53, 784-85; V.i.a.15, 697.

22.
Ibid., V.i.f.57, 786.

23.
Ibid., V.i.f.58, 786.

24.
Leonidas Montes, “Adam Smith and the Militia Debate in Context,” History of Economics Society Annual Meeting, June 29, 2008; see also R. B. Sher, “Adam Ferguson, Adam Smith, and the Problem of National Defense,”
The Journal of Modern History
, vol. 61, No. 1 (June 1989): 240–68.

25.
Adam Smith,
The Correspondence of Adam Smith
, eds. Ernest Campbell Mossner and Ian Simpson Ross (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), n. 22.

26.
Ibid., 21–22.

27.
Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,
V.i.g.14, 796.

28.
See Gary M. Anderson, “Mr. Smith and the Preachers: The Economics of Religion in the
Wealth of Nations
,”
Journal of Political Economy
, Vol. 96, No. 5 (October 1988): 1066–88. See also Charles and Patrick Raines, “Adam Smith on Competitive Religious Markets,”
History of Political Economy
, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Summer 1992): 499–513; and “The ‘Protective State’ Approach to the ‘Productive State’ in
The Wealth of Nations
: The Odd Case of Lay Patronage,”
Journal of the History of Economic Thought
, Vol. 24, No. 4 (December 2002): 427–41.

29.
Smith, 1759, 3.5.8, 166.

30.
Jacob Viner, “Adam Smith and Laissez Faire,”
Journal of Political Economy
, Vol. 35, No. 2 (April 1927): 189–232; reprinted in
The Long View and the Short
(Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1958).

31.
Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
, III.iv.10, 419.

32.
Ibid., V.i.f-g.61, 788.

33.
Adam Ferguson,
An Essay on the History of Civil Society,
ed. Duncan Forbes (1793; Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1966), 182–83.

34.
Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,
I.5.2, 47.

35.
Ibid., I.v.7, 50.

36.
Ibid., V.i.f.7, 760.

37.
Ibid., Book 1,
Chapter 10
, Part 2.

38.
Samuel Read,
The Political Economy
(Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1829), xxix–xxxiv.

39.
David Ricardo,
On Protection to Agriculture
in eds. Piero Sraffa and Maurice Dobb,
Pamphlets and Papers, The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo
, Vol. 4 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 235, 237.

40.
Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,
I.viii.36, 96.

41.
Smith, “The Principles which Lead and Direct Philosophical Enquiries; Illustrated by the History of Astronomy,” in
Essays on Philosophical Subjects
, eds. W. P. D. Wightman and J. C. Bryce (New York: Clarendon Press, 1980), 105.

42.
Margaret C. Jacob and Larry Stewart,
Practical Matter: Newton’s Science in the Service of Industry and Empire, 1687–1851
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004).

43.
Elie Halévy,
The Growth of Philosophical Radicalism
, tr. Mary Morris (London: Faber and Faber, 1928), 3.

44.
Stephen Edelston Toulmin,
Return to Reason
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001).

45.
Alberto Alesina and George-Marios Angeletos, “Fairness and Redistribution,”
American Economic Review
, Vol. 95, No. 4 (September 2005): 960–80.

46.
Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,
II.iii.2, 331.

1.
Guy Routh,
The Origin of Economic Ideas
(New York: Vintage, 1977), 45.

2.
Carol S. Carson, “The History of the United States National Income and Product Accounts: The Development of an Analytical Tool,”
The Review of Income and Wealth
(June 1975): 153–81.

3.
See Clifford Cobb, Ted Halstead, and Jonathan Rowe, “If the GDP Is Up, Why Is America Down?,”
Atlantic Monthly,
October 1995; and Jonathan Rowe, “Rethinking the Gross Domestic Product as a Measurement of National Strength,” Testimony before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, Subcommittee on Interstate Commerce, March 12, 2008.

4.
United States Department of Commerce,
National Income: 1929–32
,
Senate Doc. 124, 73rd Congress, 2nd Session, 1934, 5–6.

5.
Ibid., 6–7.

6.
Mark Perelman, “Political Purpose and the National Accounts” in eds. William Alonso and Paul Starr,
The Politics of Numbers
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1987), 144.

7.
Robert W. Fogel, “Academic Economics and the Triumph of the Welfare State,” Association of American Universities Centennial Meeting, April 17, 2000.

8.
Simon Kuznets,
National Income and Its Composition, 1919–1935
, 2 vols. (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1941), 10.

9.
Simon Kuznets,
National Product in Wartime
(New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1945), 26.

10.
Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus,
Macroeconomics
, 16th ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1998), 390.

11.
Stanley Lebergott,
Manpower in Economic Growth: The American Record since 1800
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), 31.

12.
Arthur Cecil Pigou,
Economics of Welfare
(London: Macmillan, 1920), 32.

13.
See Scott Burns,
Household, Inc.
(New York: Doubleday, 1976), 22; Tibor Scitovsky,
The Joyless Economy: An Inquiry into Human Satisfaction
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 86–89; and Robert Eisner, “Total Income, Total Investment and Growth,” paper presented at the annual meetings of American Economic Association, December 29, 1979.

14.
Robert Eisner, “Extended Accounts for National Income and Product,”
Journal of Economic Literature
, Vol. 26, No. 4 (December 1988): 1161–84.

15.
Lena Graber and John Miller, “Wages for Housework: The Movement and the Numbers,”
Dollars and Sense
(September/October 2002): 45–46.

16.
United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Occupational Outlook Handbook,
2009,
http://www.bls.gov/oco/
.

17.
See Barbara R. Bergman,
The Economic Emergence of Women
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), ch. 9.

18.
William Nordhaus and James Tobin, “Is Growth Obsolete?” in
The Measurement of Economic and Social Performance
, National Bureau of Economic Research,
Studies in Income and Wealth
, No. 38, ed. Milton Moss (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), 518.

19.
Katheryn E. Walker and Margaret E. Woods,
Time Use: A Measure of Household Production of Family Goods and Services
(Washington, D.C.: Center for the Family of the American Home Economics Association, 1976).

20.
Michael Aglietta,
A Theory of Capitalist Exploitation: The U.S. Experience
, tr. David Fernbach (London: New Left Books, 1979), 158; Andre Gorz,
Strategy for Labor
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), 88 ff.

21.
Eisner, “Extended Accounts for National Income and Product.”

22.
See the introduction in Anwar Shaikh and Ertugrul Ahmet Tonak,
Measuring the Wealth of Nations: The Political Economy of National Accounts
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

23.
On the “Genuine Progress Indicator” see
http://www.rprogress.org/sustainability_indicators/genuine_progress_indicator.htm
.

24.
Jane Spencer, “Why Beijing Is Trying to Tally the Hidden Costs of Pollution as China’s Economy Booms,”
Wall Street Journal,
October 2, 2006, A 2.

25.
Luigino Bruni, “The ‘Technology of Happiness’ and the Tradition of Economic Science,”
Journal of the History of Economic Thought
, 26: 1 (March, 2004): 19–44.

26.
Earlene Craver, “Patronage and the Direction of Research in Economics,”
Minerva
, Vol. 24, No. 2-3 (Summer-Autumn 1986): 214.

27.
Anon.,
The Character and Qualifications of an Honest Loyal Merchant
(London: Robert Roberts, 1686), 11.

28.
Bruni, “The ‘Technology of Happiness’ and the Tradition of Economic Science,” 25.

29.
Anson Rabinbach,
The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue, and the Origins of Modernity
(New York: Basic Books, 1990), 203.

30.
Marc Linder and Ingrid Nygaard,
Void Where Prohibited: Rest Breaks and the Right to Urinate on Company Time
(Ithaca, New York: ILR Press, 1998), 21.