The Last Days of the Incas (76 page)

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Authors: KIM MACQUARRIE

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17.
VILCABAMBA REDISCOVERED

PAGE

412
“‘Don’t think you can just crash’”:
Vincent Lee,
Forgotten Vilcabamba
(Cortéz: Sixpac Manco, 2000), 52.
412
“When night was come”:
Gene Savoy,
Jamil: The Child Christ
(Reno: International Community of Christ, 1976), 106.
413
“I have been led”:
Alfred M. Bingham,
Explorer of Machu Picchu: Portrait of Hiram Bingham
(Greenwich: Triune, 2000), 40, 43.
414
“I was a member”:
Gene Savoy,
Antisuyo
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970), 16.
414
“Almost thirty”:
Ibid.
417
“Was this the ‘Vilcabamba Viejo’”:
Hiram Bingham,
Lost City of the Incas
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002), 159.
417
“The ruins of what we now”:
Ibid., 192.
418
“the headwaters of the Pampaconas”:
Victor von Hagen,
Highway of the Sun
(New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1955), 106.
418
“This could only mean”:
Ibid., 111.
418
“Hiram Bingham, the Yale”:
Savoy,
Antisuyo
, 55, 71.
419
“The Vilcabamba plan”:
Ibid.
420
“Our mules negotiate”:
Ibid., 94.
421
“The [Inca] road we have been following”:
Ibid., 103.
422
“Bingham had reached”:
Ibid., 106.
422
“Who had used these tiles?”:
Ibid., 97–98.
423
“For the first time I realize”:
Ibid., 105.
426
“I couldn’t believe all of the ruins”:
Vincent Lee, interview with author, October
2005.
427
“A visit to his [Savoy’s]”:
Lee,
Forgotten Vilcabamba
, 44.
428
“He exuded”:
Ibid., 206.
428
“‘Exploring in South’”:
Ibid., 52.
429
“‘If you’re careful’”:
Ibid.
429
Using nothing more:
It should be mentioned that the Peruvian historian Dr. Edmundo Guillén explored the Vilcabamba Valley in 1976, a dozen years after Savoy’s visit, and identified a number of sites mentioned by the invading Spaniards on their way to Vilcabamba in 1572. See Edmundo Guillén Guillén,
La Guerra de Reconquista Inka
(Lima: 1994), 206.
429
“My barometer read”:
Lee,
Forgotten Vilcabamba
, 106.
430
“The town has, or it would”:
Martín de Murúa,
Historia General del Perú
(Madrid: DASTIN, 2001), 287.
431
Lee knew that:
Richard L. Burger,
Machu Picchu
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 30.
431
“the only known Inca ruin”:
John Hemming, quoted in Lee,
Forgotten Vilcabamba
, 17.
431
“After more than a century”:
Lee,
Forgotten Vilcabamba
, 144.
432
“There’s supposed”:
Gene Savoy, quoted in Lee,
Forgotten Vilcabamba
, 52.
432
“Continuing up the final stairway”:
Ibid., 170–73. 434
“It was a fascinating”:
Ibid., 205.
434
He couldn’t pay:
Ibid., 208.
434
“‘[I] Just returned” ‘:
Ibid., 215.
435
“So much for”:
Vincent Lee, interview with author, October 2005.
435
“It didn’t take Sherlock”:
Lee,
Forgotten Vilcabamba
, 217.

EPILOGUE: MACHU PICCHU, VILCABAMBA, AND THE SEARCH FOR THE LOST CITIES OF THE ANDES

PAGE

437
“If you take a map”:
Vincent Lee, interview with author, October 2005.
437
Machu Picchu is believed:
Richard L. Burger,
Machu Picchu
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 24.
438
“It is said of this Inca”:
Father Bernabé Cobo, in Roland Hamilton (trans.),
Inca Religion and Customs
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990), 133.
440
“He [Pachacuti] began”:
Ibid., 135–36.
441
Archaeologists who have:
Kenneth Wright,
Machu Picchu: A Civil Engineering Marvel
(Reston: ASCE, 2000), 59.
441
Once the foundation:
Ibid., 70, 77.
442
Archaeologists recognize:
Ibid., 62.
445
They called the site:
Archaeologists from
Peru’s Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INC) began a five-year excavation program in 2002 at Espíritu Pampa—the first excavations that have been conducted since the Spaniards sacked the city in 1572. Preliminary results indicate that the city was indeed built by the Incas and most likely in the mid-fifteenth century (personal communication with the INC). The INC has also cleared large portions of the city, allowing visitors for the first time to gain a glimpse of what sixteenth-century Vilcabamba must have been like prior to the city’s abandonment.
447
The anthropologist:
John H. Rowe, “Machu Picchu a la Luz de Documentos de Siglo XVII,”
Histórica
, Vol. 14, No. 1(Lima: 1990): 142.
447
“that night, I slept”:
Ibid., 140.
448
In 1568:
Ibid., 141.
448
“still other [ancient Inca]”:
Charles Wiener,
Voyage au Perou et Bolivie
(Paris: Librarie Hachette, 1880), 345.
449
“The professors”:
Hiram Bingham,
Lost City of the Incas
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002), 115.
449
“We had with us”:
Ibid.
450
“Charles Wiener”:
Hiram Bingham, “The Ruins of Choqquequirau,” in
American Anthropologist
, New Series, Vol. 12 (1910): 523.
450
“This may be”:
Hiram Bingham,
Machu Picchu, A Citadel of the Incas
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930), 1.
450
In
Lost City of the Incas
:
In Bingham’s 1930 footnote citation, he had used the original Spanish language version of Figueroa’s report, published in its entirety in a 1910 German publication (
Relación del Camino e Viage que D. Rodríguez Hizo Desde la Ciudad del Cuzco a la Tierra de Guerra de Mango Ynga
, in Richard Pietschmann,
Nachrichten der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenchaften zu Göttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse aus dem Jahre 1910
, Vol. 66, No. 1 [Berlin, 1910]). In Bingham’s 1948 book,
Lost City of the Incas
, however, he made use of a bad translation of Figueroa’s report created in 1913 by Sir Clements Markham (Clements Markham,
The War of Quito
, Series 2, No. 31 [London: Hakluyt Society, 1913], 175). In Markham’s version, he erroneously changed the word “Picho” to “Viticos,” thus entirely erasing the reference to “Picho.” Nevertheless, Bingham omitted even this garbled version, no doubt aware that he had referred to the missing “Picho” on page one of his 1930 monograph.
451
“would have been fatal”:
John H. Rowe, “Machu Picchu a la Luz de Documentos,” 140.
451
“Bingham was an explorer”:
Anthony Brandt, “Introduction,” Hiram Bingham,
Inca Land
(Washington, D.C.:National Geographic Society, 2003), xvii.
452
“We are in a tropical”:
Gene Savoy,
Antisuyo
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970), 99.
455
“It was clearly”:
Vincent Lee, telephone conversation with
author, October 20, 2005.
455
“We spotted”:
D. L. Parsell, “City Occupied by Inca Discovered on Andean Peak in Peru,”
National Geographic News
, March 22, 2002.
456
“I hadn’t been”:
Gary Ziegler, telephone conversation with author, October 11, 2005.
457
“Every generation”:
John Noble Wilford, “High in Andes, a Place That May Have Been Incas” Last Refuge,”
New York Times
, March 19, 2002.
457
“One of our wranglers”:
Gary Ziegler, telephone conversation with author, October 11, 2005.
458
“You can’t get to it”:
Ibid.
458
“I think Cotacoca”:
Ibid.
460
It was an achievement:
See Luis Guillermo Lumbreras,
De los Orígines de la Civilización en el Perú
(Lima: Peisa, 1988), 138.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Early Authors

Bautista de Salazar,
Antonio.
Relación sobre el Período de Gobierno de los Virreyes Don Francisco de Toledo y Don García Hurtado de Mendoza
(1596). In Luis Torres de Mendoza (ed.),
Colección de Documentos Inéditos Relativos al Descubrimiento, Conquista, y Colonización de las Antiguas Posesiones Españolas de América y Oceanía Sacados de los Archivos del Reino y muy Especialmente de Indias.
Vol 8. Madrid: 1867.

Betanzos, Juan de. Roland Hamilton (trans.).
Narrative of the Incas.
Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996.

Calancha, Antonio de la.
Crónica Moralizada de Antonio de la Calancha.
Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 1978.

Cieza de León, Pedro de. Alexandra Parma Cook (trans.).
The Discovery and Conquest of Peru.
Durham: Duke University Press, 1998.

——.
Guerra de Chupas.
In
Guerras Civiles del Perú
, Vol. 2. Madrid: Libreria de la Viuda de Rico, 1899.

——.
Guerra de las Salinas.
In
Guerras Civiles del Perú
, Vol. 1. Madrid: Libreria de la Viuda de Rico, 1899.

Cobo, Father Bernabé. Roland Hamilton (trans.).
History of the Inca Empire.
Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

——. Roland Hamilton (trans.).
Inca Religion and Customs.
Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.

Columbus, Christopher. Cecil Jane (trans.).
The Journal of Christopher Columbus.
New York: Bonanza, 1989.

Enríquez de Guzmán, Alonzo.
Libro de la Vida y Costumbres de don Alonzo Enríquez de Guzmán.
In
Colección de Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de España
, Vol. 85. Madrid: 1886.

Estete, Miguel de.
El Descubrimiento y la Conquista del Perú.
In
Boletín de la Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Estudios Históricos Americanos.
Vol. 1. Quito: 1918.

García de Oñaz y Loyola, Martín. “Información de Servicios de Martín García de Oñaz y Loyola.” In Victor Maurtua (ed.),
Juicio de Límites Entre el Perú y Bolivia.
Vol. 7. Barcelona: 1906.

Garcilaso de la Vega, El Inca. Harold Livermore
(trans.).
Royal Commentaries of the Incas.
Parts 1 and 2. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1966.

Herrera Tordesillas, Antonio de.
Historia General de los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y Tierrafirme del Mar Océano.
Vol. 11, Decada 5, Book 7, Chapter 6. Madrid: 1950.

Hurtado de Arbieto, Martín.
Report to Viceroy Francisco de Toledo.
In Roberto Levillier (ed.),
Don Francisco de Toledo: Supremo Organizador del Perú, Su Vida, Su Obra (1515–1582
) Vol. 1. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1935.

Las Casas, Bartolomé de. Nigel Griffin (trans.).
A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies.
London: Penguin, 1992.

López de Gómara, Francisco.
Historia General de las Indias.
Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1932.

López de Xerez, Francisco.
Verdadera Relación de la Conquista del Perú.
In
Colección de Libros y Documentos Referentes a la Historia del Perú.
First Series, Vol 5. Lima: 1917.

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