The Last Empire (80 page)

    
Ter-Petrosian and,
186–187
,
361

    
U.S. and,
382

Asia.
See
Central Asia
;
Central Asian republics
;
specific countries

Atomic bombs,
5

Australia,
393

Austria,
280

Azerbaijan

    
Azeris and ethnic clashes in,
33–34
,
213
,
357
,
361

    
CIS and,
360

    
Mutalibov and,
224
,
357
,
361

    
Nagornyi Karabakh in,
33–34
,
213
,
357
,
360
,
361
,
362

    
sovereignty and,
173

    
U.S. and,
382

Azeris.
See
Azerbaijan

Babich, Mikhail,
305–306

Babii Yar
(film),
66

Babyn Yar massacres,
66–67
,
266
,
285

Bagrov, Nikolai,
281

Bakatin, Vadim,
138
,
202

Baker, James,
21
,
38
,
45
,
75–76
,
87
,
215
,
236
,
384
,
405

    
Cherniaev on,
270

    
CIS and,
322
,
327–333
,
335
,
336–343
,
345–349
,
351
,
359
,
364

    
coup d'état of August 1991

    
and,
116
,
125
,
200

    
critics of,
263

    
Gorbachev's resignation and,
379
,
382–383

    
with James A. Baker Papers,
xxi

    
in Kazakhstan,
346–349
,
351

    
in Kyrgyzstan,
345–346

    
with Marshall Plan for Soviet Union,
205–206
,
329–331
,
341

    
at Middle East Peace Conference,
233
,
239

    
new union treaty and,
219

    
nuclear briefcases and,
340

    
on reform,
346

    
with support for center,
211

    
in Ukraine,
359

    
Ukrainian sovereignty and,
262
,
263
,
264
,
267
,
270

    
U.S. aid and,
331–332

    
US-Soviet relations and,
78
,
199–200
,
201
,
202–206
,
208
,
232
,
237
,
238
,
337–338
,
404
,
407

Baliuk, Nadezhda,
316

Baliuk, Sergei,
316

Baltic republics

    
demonstrations in,
34
,
39

    
electoral democracy in,
xviii

    
local nationalism in,
34

    
in post-Soviet space,
407

    
sovereignty and,
30
,
34–35
,
38
,
39
,
45–46
,
49–50
,
174
,
187
,
193–198

    
“System Change” in,
50

    
U.S. interest in,
191
,
192–198

    
See also
Estonia
;
Latvia
;
Lithuania

Banks,
226
,
270–271
,
284

Barannikov, Viktor,
245–246
,
339

Basaev, Shamil,
245

Basques,
240

Bazhov, Pavel,
227–228

Begala, Paul,
260

Belarus (Belorussia),
112
,
182
,
193

    
Almaty summit and,
359–360
,
362–363
,
364

    
Belavezha Agreement and,
298
,
299–301
,
302–310
,
312–316
,
324

    
Chernobyl nuclear catastrophe and,
300–301

    
dairy farming in,
300

    
Kebich and,
302–303
,
305
,
309
,
310
,
311
,
312

    
new union treaty and,
264

    
nuclear disarmament and,
363
,
371

    
as nuclear republic,
xix

    
Russia and,
297
,
299
,
302
,
306–307

    
sovereignty and,
173
,
177

    
UN and,
393

    
U.S. and,
382

Belavezha Agreement,
xx–xxi
,
397
,
400

    
approval rating,
359

    
articles,
308–309

    
Belarus,
298
,
299–301
,
302–310
,
312–316
,
324

    
CIS and,
xxi
,
307–309
,
319–324
,
327–333
,
335–343

    
drafting of,
306–309

    
Gorbachev and,
298–299
,
303
,
313–315
,
322–323
,
325–327
,
333–336
,
342–343

    
Nazarbayev and,
320
,
321
,
348

    
opposition to,
319–322
,
324–326

    
ratification of,
326
,
327

    
reaction to,
320–322
,
338
,
348

    
Russia and,
297–299
,
302–304
,
305–310
,
313–314
,
319
,
323–326
,
338–341

    
Ukraine,
298
,
299–301
,
303–310
,
312–316
,
320
,
324

    
See also
Commonwealth of Independent States
;
Soviet Union, collapse of

Belavezha Forest,
xx–xxi
,
301–302
,
316

Belorussia.
See
Belarus

Beria, Lavrentii,
82

Berlin Wall, fall of,
4
,
78
,
232
,
391

Beschloss, Michael R.,
333–335
,
336

Bessmertnykh, Aleksandr,
21
,
48–49
,
138

Black market,
370

Boldin, Valerii, coup d'état of August 1991 and,
81
,
83–84
,
85
,
86
,
89–90

Bolsheviks,
186

    
execution of Nicholas II,
28

    
French Revolution and influence on,
395

    
ideology,
228
,
398

    
legacy,
xvii

    
revolution,
11
,
98
,
243
,
329
,
365
,
394

    
Ukrainian sovereignty crushed by,
178

    
Yeltsin and influence of,
42

Bombs

    
atomic,
5

    
hydrogen,
5
,
13

Bonaparte, Napoleon,
329

Bonner, Elena,
103–104
,
177–178

Borders

    
sovereignty and disputes over,
172
,
176–177
,
181–182
,
192–194
,
200–201
,
265
,
308

    
treaties,
176

    
violence on,
50–51
,
194

Boris (Yeltsin's grandson),
100

Brezhnev, Leonid,
301
,
354
,
401

    
Carter and,
6

    
death of,
6
,
9
,
82
,
92

    
legacy,
12
,
54
,
117
,
349

    
Nixon and,
3
,
6
,
51
,
53

Bribes,
353–354

Briefcases, nuclear,
81
,
340
,
368
,
371
,
376
,
377

Brown, Hank,
261

Brzezinski, Zbigniew,
289

Building complex, transfer of,
369

Bukovyna,
283

Burbulis, Gennadii,
31
,
141–142
,
213–214
,
297

    
Belavezha Agreement and,
298
,
299
,
304
,
306
,
309–310

    
center-republic relations and,
249
,
397–398

    
CIS and,
358

    
economic reform and,
215
,
216
,
217–220
,
227–228

    
“Russia's Strategy for the Transition Period” and,
217–218
,
228

    
union-to-commonwealth transition and,
383

“Burbulis Memorandum.”
See
“Russia's Strategy for the Transition Period”

Burns, Nicholas,
50
,
64
,
192–193
,
212

    
CIS and,
323

    
Gorbachev's resignation and,
378–379
,
380
,
381–382

Bush, Barbara,
8
,
9
,
24
,
128
,
373
,
388–389

    
Gorbacheva and,
19–20
,
26
,
234

    
in Kyiv,
55
,
57
,
67

    
reelection campaign and,
18

Bush, George H. W.

    
approval rating,
14
,
391

    
audio diary of,
73
,
78–79
,
92
,
191
,
196
,
197
,
233
,
323

    
biography,
7–8
,
191–192

    
with Bush-Gorbachev summit,
4
,
9–10
,
13–15
,
17–18
,
20–23