The Myth of Nazareth: The Invented Town of Jesus (71 page)

House of the Blessed Virgin:
attempts to locate —236; Bagatti claims agricultural character surrounding —74

Houses
: absence of at Nazareth —139; Bagatti alleges traces of —194

Hyksos:
encroachment by —41

‘Hypocrite’:
Jesus’ alleged use of word —138

Hyrcanus:
—142

Hyrcanus
II:
 —153,
154

I

IDAM:
—70

Idumea
: given to Herod’s son Archelaus —155; royal house of —154

Iêsou Nazarêne
:
of Gospel of Mark —291

Imports
: from Egypt —41

Impurity (ritual):
—219

Incarnation:
—75

Inerrantism:
biblical, problem of —xv, 97

Inscriptions:
 —189,
190,
191,
196; Byzantine, backdating of —190; discussion of —189; of Caesarea synagogue; the Hapizzez in relation to —275

Intermediate Period:
—
32,
33; discussion of —32

Internet:
Nazareth Village project claims in relation to —205

Invention:
of Nazareth —xvi

Iron Age:
—36,
38, 60,
61,
64,
65,
74,
77,
78,
83,
89,
90,
91,
97,
141; chronology of (chart) —43; Galilee settlement during, Zvi Gal on —44; grain silos dating to, as first evidence of habitation in Nazareth basin —47; summary of evidence of —52; venerated area evidence from—  49; Nazareth basin artefacts of, Appendix 2 itemization of —315

Iron Age, Early:
Egypt withdrawal from Canaan in —43

Iron Age I:
Israelite settlement of Ephraim during —46

Iron Age III:
end of Nazareth basin settlement during —47

Iron Age, Late:
Great Hiatus from until Middle Roman times —36; Mordechai Aviam on Galilee during —48

Isaiah:
—60

Israel:
—25,
29,
47, 70,
71,
76; (Ephraim) political separation of —47

Israel, State of:
—70,
71

Israelites:
—43–47,
52; Hazor destruction attributed to —44; possible Amorite origins of —33

Issus, battle of:
—99

J

Jaffa:
—100

Jamnia:
—266; between the revolts —266; Mishna begun at —267

Janneus, Alexander (king):
—142

Japhia:
—xi, 44,
53,
54,
55, 61,
68,
83, 140, 173, 221; close to Nazareth but unknown to Josephus —xi; Bronze-Iron Age town of —42; Bronze Age location of —53; mentioned in book of Joshua —22; Roman —53; movement of —61; Nazareth history in relation to —68;  orientation of Nazareth toward —149; Bagatti in relation to pottery of   —173

Jason (High Priest):
 —102

Jebel el Maskaub:
tombs of —116

Jebel Nebi Sa‘in:
—19;

See also
Nebi Sa‘in, Jebel

Jebel Qafza:
hominid skulls discovered at —23; as Mount of the Leap   202

Jericho:
—27,
39, 83; burial practices at —32; movement of —54; rebuilding of walls of —31

Jerome (Saint):
calls Nazareth a viculus
c
. 400 CE —294

Jerusalem:
—27,
47,
48,
51, 62,
63,
70,
71,
72,
76,
83,
93; sacked by Shishak —47; taken by Nebuchadnezzar —62; beginning of kokh tombs at —158; besieged and conquered by Romans  —156; destruction of in 70 CE —154; becomes Aelia Capitolina —268; taken by Titus —266

Jesus:
 —157,
185,
186,
196,
197,
198,
199,
205; not from Nazareth  —149; time of, Nazareth evidence in relation to  —108

Jesus Christ:
acknowledged as true messiah —268; quarrels over the nature of —279

Jesus of Nazareth (name):
as mistranslation —xii

Jesus the Nazarene (title):
gospel references to —xiii

Jewish Christians:
   —195; baptismal use of graves in relation to —253

Jewish War, The
:
of Josephus —268

Jews:
persecution of Jesus-followers by —268

Jezreel:
—29

Jezreel, Plain of:
Egyptian armies defile onto —41

Jezreel Valley:
—28, 29, 100; Nazareth basin in relation to —21; Nazareth basin relations with —40; Qafza Cave in relation to —25; settlement of —46; watershed of —19; Lower —100; orientation of Nazareth toward —149

Johanan ben Zakkai:
—266; in Arav in Galilee —267

John
,
Gospel of:
negative judgment of Nazareth in —81

John the Baptist:
   —155,
157; Nazara as field of activity of —307; Nazara in relation to —300

Jordan River:
Amorites on both sides of —33; uninhabited areas west of —32

Joseph (Saint):
—21, 181,
187,
195,
200,
201; as carpenter —81; as troglodyte —67; house of —70; burial of under convent —187

Joseph of Caesarea:
begins building shrines in Holy Land —251

Josephus:
— xi, xiii, 53,
55, 64,
65, 148, 154–156; on
Japhia
—53; no mention of Nazareth by —64; Nazareth not known to —xi; Sepphoris in relation to  148; captured by Romans —156; on Gessius Florus —155; Zealots and Judas the Galilean in relation to   —154;
Jewish War
and
Antiquities of the Jews
of —268

Jotapata:
—156

Judah:
See
Judea  

Judah the Prince (Rabban):
completes Mishna in Galilee —267

Judaism:
Nazorean heresy appears in —267

Judas Maccabeus:
—102

Judas the Galilean:
  —154, 156; raids armory of Sepphoris —154

Jude:
‘Brother of the Lord,’ his grandchildren called before Domitian —297

Judea:
—47, 62; political separation of —47; Nazareth located in by Julius Africanus —xii;  dating of bow-spouted lamp in —168; given to Herod’s son Archelaus  —155; given to Herod’s son Philip —155;  Julius Africanus sites Nazareth in —295; “well-nigh a desert” —268

Judean
Hills:
—62

Judges:
—44

Julius Africanus:
first writer to mention Nazareth —xi; sites Nazareth in Judea —295

Julius
Caesar:
 —154

Julius Severus:
—268

Jupiter, Temple of:
  at site of Temple of Yahweh —268

Justin Martyr:
—294; on persecution of Jesus-followers by Jews —268; part of southern Nazareth tradition —298

K

Kafr Kanna:
burial caves at —161

Karnak:
battle of Megiddo record at —41

Kempinski, Aharon:
on MB IIA settlements —40

Kenyon, Kathleen:
—160; on Amorites —33; on burial practices —32; on shaft tombs —38; use of term ‘Herodian’ —160

Kfar Monash:
—29; metal objects found at —29

Kilns:
—30

Kloner
,
Amos
:
—186,
187; on rolling stones   —186; ossuaries in relation to —187

Koester, Helmut:
on Hellenistic influence —98

Kokh tomb (kokhim):
—76,
93, 109, 143 158,
159,
160,
172,
173,
174,
175,
178,
179,
180,
182,
186,
188,
189,
193,
196,
197,
198,
199,
201,
202; arrival of in Galilee —163; chronology of Palestinian (
Illus
. 4.1) —162; designated Herodian by Strange —163; discussion of —158; comes to Nazareth in Middle Roman period —93; near Chapel of the Angel —76; plan —109; diagram of Richmond Tomb —110; discussion of —109; earliest —111; at Sepphoris dating to III CE —161; called Herodian by Strange —173; of Nazareth, movable artefacts of —179

Kopp, Fr. Clemens:
—65,
66,
69,
70,
72,
75,
76,
79, 85,
86,
93, 109, 159,
173,
179,
180,
190, 215,
216,
221–223,
225,
228,
229,
230,
232,
234,
236,
244,
245,
248–252,
255–257,
259,
261; on Tomb 75 —51; postulates settlement at Nazareth
c
. 3000 BCE —42;
scriptural logic of —68;
mobile Nazareth hypothesis of —93; on archaeology of Nazareth —65;
The Holy Places of the Gospels
of —65; alleges disappearance of wall foundations  —40; his
Beiträge zur Geschichte Nazareths
  —107; misdating of Nazareth tombs —159; quotation on wiping out of Nazareth in 67 CE  —178; Bagatti repudiates his notice of kokh tomb under CA —248; gets stuck in underground passageway —216; ring of tombs in relation to —222