The Particle at the End of the Universe: How the Hunt for the Higgs Boson Leads Us to the Edge of a New World (47 page)

A flowchart illustrating the elementary particles of the Standard Model. This is the modern version of the periodic table of the elements. Quarks are in blue, leptons in purple, gauge bosons in green, and the Higgs boson in red.

SEAN CARROLL

FURTHER READING

Aczel, Amir.
Present at the Creation: The Story of CERN and the Large Hadron Collider
. New York: Crown Publishers, 2010.

CERN. CERN faq: LHC, the guide. http://multimedia-gallery.web.cern.ch/multimedia-gallery/Brochures.aspx, 2009.

Close, Frank.
The Infinity Puzzle: Quantum Field Theory and the Hunt for an Orderly Universe
. New York: Basic Books, 2011.

Crease, Robert P., and Mann, Charles C.
The Second Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Twentieth-Century Physics
. New York: Collier Books, 1986.

Halpern, Paul.
Collider: The Search for the World’s Smallest Particles
. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2009.

Kane, Gordon.
The Particle Garden:
The Universe as Understood by Particle Physicists
. New York: Perseus Books, 1995.

Lederman, Leon, with Teresi, Dick.
The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What’s the Question?
Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.

Lincoln, Don.
The Quantum Frontier: The Large Hadron Collider
. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.

Panek, Richard.
The 4 Percent Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality.
Boston, MA: Mariner Books, 2011.

Randall, Lisa.
Knocking on Heaven’s Door: How Physics and Scientific Thinking Illuminate the Universe and the Modern World.
New York: Ecco, 2011.

Sample, Ian.
Massive: The Missing Particle That Sparked the Greatest Hunt in Science
. New York: Basic Books, 2010.

Taubes, Gary.
Nobel Dreams: Power, Deceit, and the Ultimate Experiment
. New York: Random House, 1986.

Traweek, Sharon.
Beamtimes and Lifetimes: The World of High Energy Physicists
. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.

Weinberg, Steven.
Dreams of a Final Theory
. New York: Vintage, 1992.

Wilczek, Frank.
The Lightness of Being: Mass, Ether, and the Unification of Forces
. New York: Basic Books, 2008.

REFERENCES

References refer to keywords in the main text. The one exception is Chapter Eleven, “Nobel Dreams,” where I include two lists of additional references: one for the personal reminiscences of the people involved in the 1964 symmetry-breaking papers, and one that includes all of the technical papers alluded to in the discussion.

Prologue

Hewett: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2008/09/11/giddy-physicists/

Evans: interview, July 4, 2012.

Higgs: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22033-peter-higgs-boson-discovery-like-being-hit-by-a-wave.html?full=true

Chapter One: The Point

Faraday: http://bit.ly/ynX3dL

Heuer: http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/dec/13/higgs-boson-seminar-god-particle

Chapter Two: Next to Godliness

Lederman and Teresi:
The God Particle,
p. xi.

Higgs: http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/indepth/2012/jun/28/peter-higgs-in-the-spotlight

Chapter Four: The Accelerator Story

Janot: V. Jamieson, “CERN Extends Search for Higgs,”
Physics World
, October 2000.

Watts: private email, April 4, 2012.

Hewett: interview, February 23, 2012.

Schwitters, Bloembergen: quoted in Kelves, preface to the 1995 edition of
The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America
.

Park: quoted in Weinberg,
Dreams of a Final Theory
, p. 54.

Anderson: Letter to the Editor,
The
New York Times
, May 21, 1987.

Krumhansl: Sample,
Massive
, p. 115.

Chapter Five: The Largest Machine Ever Built

Evans, “carnage”: interview, July 4, 2012.

Baguette: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/large-hadron-collider/6514155/Large-Hadron-Collider-broken-by-bread-dropped-by-passing-bird.html

Evans: http://www.elements-science.co.uk/2011/11/the-man-who-built-the-lhc/

Evans: http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081217/pdf/456862a.pdf

Giudice:
A Zeptospace Odyssey,
pp. 103–104.

Evans, summer party: interview, July 4, 2012.

Chapter Six: Wisdom Through Smashing

Anderson: Eugene Cowan, “The Picture That Was Not Reversed,”
Engineering and Science
46
, 6 (1982).

CERN press release: http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR10.08E.html

Computing tiers: Brumfield, http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110119/full/469282a.html

Gianotti: interview, May 3, 2012.

Greek Security Team: Roger Highfield, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/large-hadron-collider/3351697/Hackers-infiltrate-Large-Hadron-Collider-systems-and-mock-IT-security.html

Chapter Eight: Through a Broken Mirror

Yang and Pauli: Close,
The Infinity Puzzle
, p. 88.

Chapter Nine: Bringing Down the House

Telegraph
: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/large-hadron-collider/8928575/Search-for-God-Particle-is-nearly-over-as-CERN-prepares-to-announce-findings.html

viXra log
: http://blog.vixra.org/2011/12/01/seminar-watch-higgs-special/

CERN update: http://indico.cern.ch/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=150980

Gianotti: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KOoumH4dYA

Gianotti, “Spirit” and “Bear” quotes: interview, May 15, 2012.

Wu: http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2011/dec/14/physicists-weigh-up-higgs-signals

Ellis, Gaillard, and Nanopoulos:
Nuclear Physics B
106,
292 (1976).

Britton: http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-09/07/david-britton

ATLAS figure: http://www.atlas.ch/news/2012/latest-results-from-higgs-search.html

CMS figure: http://hep.phys.sfu.ca/HiggsObservation/index.php

Megatek: Taubes,
Nobel Dreams
, pp. 137–138.

Higgs: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22033-peter-higgs-boson-discovery-like-being-hit-by-a-wave.html?full=true

Incandela: interview, July 4, 2012.

Chapter Ten: Spreading the Word

The Daily Show
: http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/thu-april-30-2009/large-hadron-collider

The Daily Mail
: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1052354/Are-going-die-Wednesday.html

Appeals court: http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/08/31/5014771-collider-court-case-finally-closed?lite

Dorigo: http://www.science20.com/quantum_diaries_survivor/where_will_we_hear_about_higgs_first

Conway 1: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2007/01/26/bump-hunting-part-1/

Conway 2: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2007/01/26/bump-huning-part-2/

Conway 3: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2007/03/09/bump-hunting-part-3/

Cirelli and Strumia: http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.3867

Picozza, Cirelli: http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080902/full/455007a.html

Lykken: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/24/science/24ferm.html?pagewanted=all

Woit: http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p=3632&cpage=1#comment-88817

Wu: email, May 2012.

Gianotti: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/20/science/new-data-on-higgs-boson-is-shrouded-in-secrecy-at-cern.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all

Schmitt: http://muon.wordpress.com/2012/06/17/do-you-like-to-spread-rumors/

Ouellette: http://news.discovery.com/space/rumor-has-it-120620.html

“Large Hadron Rap”: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j50ZssEojtM

Kaplan: interview, May 20, 2012.

Particle Fever
: http://www.particlefever.com/index.html

Chapter Eleven: Nobel Dreams

Freund:
A Passion for Discovery
, World Scientific (2007).

Anderson: P. W. Anderson, “More Is Different,”
Science
177
, 393 (1972).

Anderson’s biggest contribution: email, 2012.

Higgs on Anderson: P. Rodgers, “Peter Higgs: The Man Behind the Boson,”
Physics World
17
, 10 (2004).

Lederman:
The God Particle
.

Lykken:
Symmetry
, http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/cms/?pid=1000087

Bernardi:
Nature
, http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100804/full/news.2010.390.html

Anderson on history: email, 2012.

Personal reminiscences

P. W. Higgs, “Prehistory of the Higgs boson,”
Comptes Rendus Physique
8
, 970 (2007).

P. W. Higgs, “My Life as a Boson,” http://www.kcl.ac.uk/nms/depts/physics/news/events/MyLifeasaBoson.pdf (2010).

G. S. Guralnik, “The History of the Guralnik, Hagen, and Kibble Development of the Theory of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Gauge Particles,”
International Journal of Modern Physics
A24
, 2601, arXiv:0907.3466 (2009).

T. W. B. Kibble, The Englert-Brout-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble Mechanism (history),”
Scholarpedia
, http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Englert-Brout-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble_mechanism_(history)

R. Brout and F. Englert, “Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Gauge Theories: a Historical Survey,” arXiv:hep-th/9802142 (1998).

Technical articles

V. L. Ginzburg and L. D. Landau, “On the theory of superconductivity,”
Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics
(USSR)
20
, 1064 (1950).

P. W. Anderson, “An Approximate Quantum Theory of the Antiferromagnetic Ground State,”
Physical Review
86
, 694 (1952).

C. N. Yang and R. L. Mills, “Conservation of Isotopic Spin and Isotopic Gauge Invariance,”
Physical Review
96
, 191 (1954).

L. N. Cooper, “Bound Electron Pairs in a Degenerate Fermi Gas,”
Physical Review
104
, 1189 (1956).

J. Bardeen, L. N. Cooper, and J. R. Schrieffer, “Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity,”
Physical Review
106
, 162 (1957).

J. Bardeen, L. N. Cooper, and J. R. Schrieffer, “Theory of Superconductivity,”
Physical Review
108
, 1175 (1957).

J. Schwinger, “A Theory of the Fundamental Interactions,”
Annals of Physics
2
, 407 (1957).

N. N. Bogoliubov, “A New Method in the Theory of Superconductivity,”
Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics
(USSR)
34
, 58 [
Soviet Physics-JETP
7
, 41] (1958).