The Perfect Machine (82 page)

astrophysics laboratory at, 125, 151, 160, 213

astrophysics machine shop at, 154, 257, 265, 346, 350, 364, 370, 392

budget problems and, 387-389, 391-392

California Street optics laboratory of, 154-155, 160, 187, 195, 213, 243, 269-270, 334, 347, 350, 389; see also mirror, Palomar two-hundred-inch

endowment and, 91, 114, 131, 335-340, 358

faculty recruited for, 151-152

Geology Department of, 209, 211

in Great Depression, 159-160

growth of, 113-114, 148-150

Mount Wilson’s tense relations with, 150-151, 217-219, 335-340, 418

Palomar grant and, 75, 76, 78, 79, 86, 87, 88, 91, 105

site selection and, 209, 211

in World War II, 347-349, 363-364

Carlson, Llewellyn, 318

Carnegie, Andrew, 8, 36, 47, 48, 70, 77

Mount Wilson visited by, 44-45

NAS building funded by, 82-83

Rockefeller’s rivalry with, 81-82, 86

Carnegie Institution, 36-40, 75-76, 111-112, 159, 165, 208, 335-340

establishment of, 36

Hooker telescope project and, 42, 43, 47, 90

Mount Wilson-Caltech relations and, 217, 219, 335-340, 417-418

Palomar endowed by, 335-340, 358, 389, 391

Palomar grant and, 75, 79-88

Carpentier, Georges, 60

Carty, J. J., 78, 79, 85, 86, 87, 111, 168

Cepheid variable stars, 14-15, 22n-23n, 50, 60, 62, 63, 67, 69, 105, 258, 281, 302, 353, 395, 403-404, 406

Chadwick, James, 215

Chaplin, Charlie, 49

charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 408, 410, 414, 417

Chase, Stuart, 159

Chretien, Henri, 50, 123, 129n, 414

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 212

Clark, Alvan, 26, 30, 31, 103

Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, 247

Coe, Conway, 347

Cole, Nate, 247

Collier’s, 380

Compton, Karl, 347

Conant, James, 347, 357

Condon, Edward, 72

Congress, U.S., 159

Consolidated Steel, 292-295

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 18

Cornell University, 418

Corning Evening Leader, 198, 203, 207

Corning Fire Department, 235

Corning Glass Works, 77, 165-207, 209, 220-226, 232-241, 244-254, 280-281, 340-341

additional telescope projects of, 191-192, 223, 233-234

custard cup technique attempted at, 175

description of, 137-138, 232

disk costs at, 139-140, 168, 340

early Pyrex experiments at, 138-140, 158

earthquake at, 241

failed two-hundred-inch disk produced at, 199-207, 209, 220-223, 389

flood at, 234-237

GE quartz disk efforts and, 168, 173-174, 175

media, publicity and, 168-169, 181, 196-205, 208, 223-225, 236, 239-240, 244-247, 249, 250

new Pyrex formulation developed at, 189

new mold anchor design at, 221-222

New York meeting with, 167-169

120-inch disk produced by, 190-195, 345

Pyrex blocks produced by, 274

Pyrex solubility problem discovered at, 183-184, 188-189

quartz disks produced by, 415

sagging technique at, 174, 340

Schmidt disks produced at, 340-341

shipping and, 222, 233

successful two-hundred-inch disk produced at, 223-226, 232-241, 244-254

test and auxiliary disks produced at, 169-195

third two-hundred-inch disk proposed at, 278, 281, 282, 298

two-hundred-inch disk shipped by, 247-254

wages at, 225

Coue, Emile, 89

Coughlin, Charles C., 219, 245

Couts, Cave C., 211

Crab Nebula, 354

Crossley, Edward, 34

Crossley reflector, 19-20, 34, 383 see also Lick Observatory

Crown, George, 176

cummings, e. e., 148

Curtis, Heber, 35, 61, 122, 158, 225, 383

background and personality of, 5-6, 18-19

Corning disk order of, 191, 223, 233, 237, 280

NAS debate and, 2-9, 18-23, 61

Curtiss, Hanford, 202, 204

dark matter, 308

Day, Arthur L., 46, 80, 165, 168, 178, 189, 198, 202, 209, 217-218, 244, 276

American Ceramic Society speech of, 196-197

Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, 247, 251

Depression, Great, 130-131, 142, 158-160, 161, 179, 183, 197-198, 219, 245-246, 334, 343-344

de Sitter, Willem, 150, 303

Dina, Assan Farid, 96

Dirac, Paul, 148, 362

dome, see observatory building, Palomar

Doppler shift, see red shift

Dowd, Jerry, 58, 260, 294, 331

Draco, 304

DuBridge, Lee A., 391-392, 393

DuMond, Jesse, 152n

Dunham, Theodore, 147, 166, 194

David Dunlap Observatory, 191

Dunn, Gano, 77, 78, 79, 80, 84, 87, 89, 111, 120, 124

Du Pont, 141, 357

Du Pont telescope, 135n

earthquakes, 241, 269

Eddington, Sir Arthur S., 4, 16, 150

Edison, Thomas, 98, 102, J15, 169, 172

Eiffel, Gustave, 41

Einstein, Albert, 59, 65--66, 69, 148-150, 151, 153, 166, 209, 217, 240, 291, 304, 314, 359, 380

celebrity of, 7-8, 148

Germany left by, 160--161

NAS debate and, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12

Einstein, Mrs. Albert, 149

Ellerman, Ferdinand, 107-108, 180, 253

Ellis, A. L., 100, 115-119, 122, 126, 127, 128, 132-136, 140-147, 154-158, 161-164, 166-167, 171, 173

doubts about mirror harbored by, 134-135

Ellis, Guerdon, 21 t

Enterprise Engine Company, 316

Epstein, Paul, 124, 178, 214

Eveleth, C. E., 167

Fecker & Co., 60

Ferguson, Homer, 226-227, 262

Fermi, Enrico, 72

Feynman, Richard, 372n

Fie1 & Cie., 28

Fleming, A. H., 131

Flemming, Williammina P., 14

Flexner, Abraham, 71

Flexner, Simon, 85

Flying Horse Telescope Oil, 319, 402

Ford, Hannibal, 229, 310-311, 320

Ford, Henry, 10, 343

Fore River Shipbuilding Company, 53, 125

Fonune, 159, 179, 284

Fosdick, Raymond, 88, 276, 337, 339, 341, 388, 393

Foshay, Wilbur, 139

Foucault, J. B. L., 324

foundations, operation of, 79-80, 81-82

Foussat (sheep farmer), 210

Fredericks, Frank, 288, 317, 318

Friedmann, Aleksandr, 66

Froebel, Guenther, 264, 287

Gage, O. A., 167, 191, 201

galaxies:

clusters of, 308, 360

island universes debate and, 4, 20-23, 61, 62-63, 383

use of term, 302

see also nebulae

Galileo Galilei, 18, 28

Gehring, Dr., 49

General Education Board (GEB), 71-80, 158, 276

see also International Education Board

General Electric, 77, 98-100, 111, 115-120, 126-130, 132-136, 140-147, 154-158, 161-164, 165-167, 171, 229, 263, 388

bills and cost estimates from, 119, 127-128, 132, 140, 143, 147, 157, 163, 168

Corning Pyrex disk manufacturing and, 168, 173-174, 175

dropped as disk maker, 157-158, 161-164, 165-167

fuel consumption at, 126-127, 140-141

publicity department of, 142, 147, 162, 166-167, 168-169

General Petroleum Corp., 318

Geology Department, Caltech, site selection and, 209, 21 1

Gianetti, Miss (secretary), 58-59, 121, 186, 230, 275

Glass Industry, The, 147

globular clusters, 15-18, 22n-23n, 50, 302, 360

“Gospel of Wealth, The” (Carnegie), 81

Goudsmit, Samuel, 72

Graf Zeppelin, 102

Green, Lloyd, 379

Greenstein, Jesse, 362, 391-392, 399

Grey, Earl, 46

Griffith Observatory, 389

Groves, Leslie, 357

Gunn, Jim, 418

Guttenberg, Beno, 209

Hale, Evelina Conklin, 26, 27, 29-30, 38, 43, 47, 393

Hale, George, vii, 24, 58, 69, 89, 97, 135, 148, 153, 160, 161, 213, 217, 226-227, 228, 231, 263, 282, 291, 295, 299, 305, 310, 324, 338, 344-345, 358, 383, 415

assessment of, 313-314

background and family of, 25-27

Caltech-Mount Wilson relations and, 150, 151, 217, 218, 219

Corning Pyrex disk manufacturing and, 166, 168, 171, 177, 178, 185, 189, 194, 195, 198, 209, 241, 244

death of, 312-313

disk shipment and, 233, 247, 248, 250, 253

financing of early projects of, 26, 30, 31, 35-37, 38, 41-47, 90

foreign trips of, 46, 47-48, 58, 111-112, 120-121, 194

GE disk experiments and, 98, 100, 115, 118, 140, 141, 142, 146, 154, 157, 158, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167

Harper’s article of, 73, 79, 83, 139

headaches and visions of, 25, 26, 32, 43, 45-46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 58, 78, 90, 110-111, 121, 135, 180, 186, 194, 218, 225, 230, 244, 247, 275-276, 286

I-Iooker telescope project and, 41-57

Lick telescope visited by, 29-30

McDowell’s style and, 296

Mason’s trust of, 153-154

media and, 100-103, 142, 168, 169, 179, 181, 208

Mount Wilson sixty-inch project and, 37-39, 41

NAS debate and, 3-4, 5, 11, 23

Palomar buildings and, 151, 155, 255, 315

Palomar grant and, 64, 70-88, 91, 92, 132, 134, 154, 281, 336, 388

Palomar mirror design group and, 179-180

Palomar mounting design and, 124, 135, 186, 212, 214

Palomar site selection and, 106-111, 180, 209, 210, 401

Ritchey’s dispute with, 48

Schmidt wide-field telescope and, 259, 260

semi-retirement of, 58-59

telescope named for, 313-314, 393

Westinghouse work and, 286

Woodbury’s book and, 331

worsening condition of, 275-276

Yerkes Observatory and, 31-36, 39-40, 41

Hale, Mrs. William, 25, 30

Hale, William, 25, 26, 30, 35, 90

Hale telescope, see Palomar telescope

Hall, George, 373-374, 380, 392

Hamburg Observatory, 258

Hammond, John W., 142, 147

Harding, Warren Go, 10, 85

Harper, William, 30

Harper’s Magazine, 73, 79, 83, 139

Harrington, Robert, 397

Harris (ladler), 225

Harris, Fred, 410, 414

Harrison, Nathan, 210n

Hartness, James, 94

Harvard College Observatory, 26, 105, 155, 359

disk order for, 191, 223, 280

Shapley appointed director of, 5, 59-60

Harvard College Observatory Circular, 14

Heisenberg, Werner, 72, 148

Henderson (Warner & Swasey official), 225

Hendrix, Don, 341, 367-368, 385, 386, 392, 394-398, 404

Herbert, James, 218

Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 14, 15

Hickman (ladler), 225

Hill, Byron, 255-257, 260, 292, 294, 295, 296, 307, 364, 382n

after completion, 405, 413, 414

and final trials and adjustments, 389, 391, 395

mirror coating and, 385

mirror installation and, 386

mirror move and, 373, 376, 377, 378, 379

mounting assembly and, 315, 316, 317, 318, 322, 342, 370

residence construction supervised by, 315-316

telescope balanced by, 371-372

Weber’s truck hoisted by, 372

in World War 11, 352

Zwicky’s conflict with, 260

Hodgkinson, Francis, 264-265

Hoge, W. P., 53

Hogness, To, 72

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 46

Hood, Harrison, 183, 189

Hooker, John Do, 41-42, 43, 46-47, 48, 77, 79, 90

Hooker, Mrs. John D., 43

Hooker telescope (one-hundred-inch telescope), 41-57, 62-63, 90, 123, 383, 418

corrective lens for, 68

first light at, 52-56

glass disk for, 42-43, 44, 46, 171

mirror grinding for, 47-48, 49, 53

mounting of, 53-56, 90, 157, 166, 185

temperature problems of, 55-57, 96, 144, 157-158

Hoover, Herbert, 102, 255, 336-337

Hostetter, J. Co, 167, 168, 173, 203, 206, 229, 245

Corning left by, 275

undue credit claimed by, 194, 221, 240-241, 272

Houghton, Amory, 165, 181, 198, 200, 205, 209, 223, 224, 241, 273, 274-275, 278, 281, 282, 298, 340

Houghton family, 137, 139

Howland, Charles P., 109

Hubble, Edwin, vii, 75, 240, 253, 281, 302-303, 304, 305, 359, 380-381, 397, 403, 404

background of, 60-61