Read The Portable Dante Online
Authors: Dante Alighieri
Tydeus in his fury did not gnaw the head of Menalippus with more relish than this one chewed that head of meat and bones. | 132 |
“O you who show with every bestial bite your hatred for the head you are devouring, ” I said, “tell me your reason, and I promise, | 135 |
if you are justified in your revenge, once I know who you are and this one’s sin, I’ll repay your confidence in the world above | 138 |
unless my tongue dry up before I die. ” |
C
OUNT UGOLINO
is the shade gnawing at the brain of his onetime associate Archbishop Ruggieri, and Ugolino interrupts his gruesome meallong enough to tell the story of his imprisonment and cruel death, which his innocent offspring shared with him. Moving farther into the area of Cocytus known as Tolomea, where those who betrayed their guests and associates are condemned, the Pilgrim sees sinners with their faces raised high above the ice, whose tears freeze and lock their eyes. One of the shades agrees to identify himself on condition that the ice be removed from his eyes. The Pilgrim agrees, and learns that this sinner is Friar Alberigo and that his soul is dead and damned even though his body is still alive on earth, inhabited by a devil. Alberigo also names a fellow sinner with him in the ice, Branca d’Oria, whose body is still functioning up on earth. But the Pilgrim does not honor his promise to break the ice from Alberigo’s eyes.
Lifting his mouth from his horrendous meal, this sinner first wiped off his messy lips in the hair remaining on the chewed-up skull, | 3 |
130-131. Tydeus, one of the Seven against Thebes, in combat slew Menalippus— who, however, managed to wound him fatally. Tydeus called for his enemy’s head, which, when brought to him by Amphiaraus, he proceeded to gnaw in rage.
then spoke: “You want me to renew a grief so desperate that just the thought of it, much less the telling, grips my heart with pain; | 6 |
but if my words can be the seed to bear the fruit of infamy for this betrayer, who feeds my hunger, then I shall speak—in tears. | 9 |
I do not know your name, nor do I know how you have come down here, but Florentine you surely seem to be, to hear you speak. | 12 |
First you should know I was Count Ugolino and my neighbor here, Ruggieri the Archbishop; now I’ll tell you why I’m so unneighborly. | 15 |
That I, trusting in him, was put in prison through his evil machinations, where I died, this much I surely do not have to tell you. | 18 |
What you could not have known, however, is the inhuman circumstances of my death. Now listen, then decide if he has wronged me! | 21 |
Through a narrow slit of window high in that mew (which is called the tower of hunger, after me, and I’ll not be the last to know that place) | 24 |
I had watched moon after moon after moon go by, when finally I dreamed the evil dream which ripped away the veil that hid my future. | 27 |
13-14. Ugolino della Gherardesca, the Count of Donoratico, belonged to a noble Tuscan family whose political affiliations were Ghibelline. In 1275 he conspired with his son-in-law, Giovanni Visconti, to raise the Guelphs to power in Pisa. Although exiled for this subversive activity, Ugolino (Nino) Visconti took over the Guelph government of the city. Three years later (1288) he plotted with Archbishop Ruggieri degli Ubaldini to rid Pisa of the Visconti. Ruggieri, however, had other plans, and with the aid of the Ghibellines, he seized control of the city and imprisoned Ugolino, together with his sons and grandsons, in the “tower of hunger” (23). The two were evidently just at the boundary between Antenora and Ptolomea, for Ugolino is being punished for betraying his country (in Antenora), and Ruggieri for betraying his associate, Ugolino (in Ptolomea).
I dreamed of this one here as lord and huntsman, pursuing the wolf and the wolf cubs up the mountain(which blocks the sight of Lucca from the Pisans) | 30 |
with skinny bitches, well trained and obedient; he had out front as leaders of the pack Gualandi with Sismondi and Lanfranchi. | 33 |
A short run, and the father with his sons seemed to grow tired, and then I thought I saw long fangs sunk deep into their sides, ripped open. | 36 |
When I awoke before the light of dawn, I heard my children sobbing in their sleep (you see they, too, were there), asking for bread. | 39 |
If the thought of what my heart was telling me does not fill you with grief, how cruel you are! If you are not weeping now—do you ever weep? | 42 |
And then they awoke. It was around the time they usually brought our food to us. But now each one of us was full of dread from dreaming; | 45 |
then from below I heard them driving nails into the dreadful tower’s door; with that, I stared in silence at my flesh and blood. | 48 |
I did not weep, I turned to stone inside; they wept, and my little Anselmuccio spoke: ’What is it, father? Why do you look that way?’ | 51 |
For them I held my tears back, saying nothing, all of that day, and then all of that night, until another sun shone on the world. | 54 |
28-36. Ugolino’s dream was indeed prophetic. The “lord and huntsman” (28) is Archbishop Ruggieri, who with the leading Ghibelline families of Pisa (“Gualandi … Sismondi and Lanfranchi, ” 33) and the populace (“skinny bitches, ” 31), runs down Ugolino and his offspring (“the wolf and the wolf cubs, ” 29) and finally kills them.
50
.
Anselmuccio was the younger of Ugolino’s grandsons, who, according to official documents, must have been fifteen at the time.
A meager ray of sunlight found its way to the misery of our cell, and I could see myself reflected four times in their faces; | 57 |
I bit my hands in anguish. And my children, who thought that hunger made me bite my hands, were quick to draw up closer to me, saying: | 60 |
’O father, you would make us suffer less, if you would feed on us: you were the one who gave us this sad flesh; you take it from us!’ | 63 |
I calmed myself to make them less unhappy. That day we sat in silence, and the next day. O pitiless earth! You should have swallowed us! | 66 |
The fourth day came, and it was on that day my Gaddo fell prostrate before my feet, crying: ‘Why don’t you help me? Why, my father?’ | 69 |
There he died. Just as you see me here, I saw the other three fall one by one, as the fifth day and the sixth day passed. And I, | 72 |
by then gone blind, groped over their dead bodies. Though they were dead, two days I called their names. Then hunger proved more powerful than grief. ” | 75 |
He spoke these words; then, glaring down in rage, attacked again the wretched skull with his teeth sharp as a dog’s, and as fit for grinding bones. | 78 |
O Pisa, blot of shame upon the people of that fair land where the sound of “sì” is heard! Since your neighbors hesitate to punish you, | 81 |
let Capraia and Gorgona move and join, damming up the River Arno at its mouth, and let every Pisan perish in its flood! | 84 |
68. Gaddo was one of Ugolino’s sons.
80. The “fair land” is Italy. It was customary in Dante’s time to indicate a language area by the word signifying “yes. ”
For if Count Ugolino was accused of turning traitor, trading-in your castles, you had no right to make his children suffer. | 87 |
Their newborn years (O newborn Thebes!) made them all innocents: Brigata, Uguiccione, and the other two soft names my canto sings. | 90 |
We moved ahead to where the frozen water wraps in harsh wrinkles another sinful race, with faces not turned down but looking up. | 93 |
Here, the weeping puts an end to weeping, and the grief that finds no outlet from the eyes turns inward to intensify the anguish: | 96 |
for the tears they first wept knotted in a cluster and like a visor made for them in crystal, filled all the hollow part around their eyes. | 99 |
Although the bitter coldness of the dark had driven all sensation from my face, as though it were not tender skin but callous, | 102 |
I thought I felt the air begin to blow, and I: “What causes such a wind, my master? I thought no heat could reach into these depths. ” | 105 |
And he to me: “Before long you will be where your own eyes can answer for themselves, when they will see what keeps this wind in motion. ” | 108 |
And one of the wretches with the frozen crust screamed out at us: “O wicked souls, so wicked that you have been assigned the ultimate post, | 111 |
89-90. Brigata was Ugolino’s second grandson; Uguiccione was his fifth son.
91-93. Virgil and the Pilgrim have now entered the third division of Cocytus, called Tolomea (124) after Ptolemy, the captain of Jericho, who had Simon, his father-in-law, and two of his sons killed while dining (see 1 Macabees 16:11–17). Or possibly this zone of Cocytus is named after Ptolemy XII, the Egyptian king who, having welcomed Pompey to his realm, slew him. In Tolomea are punished those who have betrayed their guests.
break off these hard veils covering my eyes and give relief from the pain that swells my heart— at least until the new tears freeze again. ” | 114 |
I answered him: “If this is what you want, tell me your name; and if I do not help you, may I be forced to drop beneath this ice!” | 117 |
He answered then: “I am Friar Alberigo, I am he who offered fruit from the evil orchard: here dates are served me for the figs I gave. ” | 120 |
“Oh, then!” I said. “Are you already dead?” And he to me: “Just how my body is in the world above, I have no way of knowing. | 123 |
This zone of Tolomea is very special, for it often happens that a soul falls here before the time that Atropos should send it. | 126 |
And that you may more willingly scrape off my cluster of glass tears, let me tell you: whenever a soul betrays the way I did, | 129 |
a demon takes possession of the body, controlling its maneuvers from then on, for all the years it has to live up there, | 132 |
while the soul falls straight into this cistern here; and the shade in winter quarters just behind me may well have left his body up on earth. | 135 |
115-117. The Pilgrim, fully aware that his journey will indeed take him below the ice, carefully phrases his treacherous promise to the treacherous shade, and success- fully deceives him (149-150). The Pilgrim betrays a sinner in this circle, as the latter does one of his companions there with him in the ice (by naming him).
118-120. Friar Alberigo is one of the Jovial Friars (see Canto XXIII, 103-108).
124-135. According to Church doctrine, under certain circumstances a living person may, through acts of treachery, lose possession of his soul before he dies (“before the time that Atropos [the Fate who cuts man’s thread of life] should send it, ” 126). Then, on earth, a devil inhabits the body until its natural death.
But you should know, if you’ve just come from there: he is Ser Branca D’Oria; and many years have passed since he first joined us here, icebound. ” | 138 |
“I think you’re telling me a lie, ” I said, “for Branca D’Oria is not dead at all; he eats and drinks, he sleeps and wears out clothes. ” | 141 |
“The ditch the Malebranche watch above, ” he said, “the ditch of clinging, boiling pitch, had not yet caught the soul of Michel Zanche, | 144 |
when Branca left a devil in his body to take his place, and so did his close kinsman, his accomplice in this act of treachery. | 147 |
But now, at last, give me the hand you promised. Open my eyes. ” I did not open them. To be mean to him was a generous reward. | 150 |
O all you Genovese, you men estranged from every good, at home with every vice, why can’t the world be wiped clean of your race? | 153 |
For in company with Romagna’s rankest soul I found one of your men, whose deeds were such that his soul bathes already in Cocytus | 156 |
but his body seems alive and walks among you. |
137-147. Ser Branca D’Oria, a prominent resident of Genoa, murdered his father- in-law, Michel Zanche (see Canto XXII, 88), after having invited him to dine with him.
154. The soul is Friar Alberigo, and Faenza, his hometown, was in the region of Romagna (now part of Emilia-Romagna).
155. The man is Branca D’Oria.
F
AR ACROSS
the frozen ice can be seen the gigantic figure of Lucifer, who appears from this distance like a windmill seen through fog; and as the two travelers walk on toward that terrifying sight, they see the shades of sinners totally buried in the frozen water. At the center of the earth Lucifer stands frozen from the chest downward, and his horrible ugliness (he has three faces) is made more fearful by the fact that in each of his three mouths he chews on one of the three worst sinners of all mankind, the worst of those who betrayed their benefactors: Judas Iscariot, Brutus, and Cassius. Virgil, with the Pilgrim on his back, begins the descent down the shaggy body of Lucifer. They climb down through a crack in the ice, and when they reach the Evil One’s thighs, Virgil turns and begins to struggle upward (because they have passed the center of the earth), still holding on to the hairy body of Lucifer, until they reach a cavern, where they stop for a short rest. Then a winding path brings them eventually to the earth’s surface, where they see the stars.