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Authors: Dante Alighieri

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81. Dante constructed the reflexive verbs “in you” and “in me” in order to convey the notion of interpenctration of minds. He is saying that if he were capable of knowing the question to be directed to him, as the soul is, he would answer it without delay.

91-93. Marseilles and Bougie, on the coast of Africa, have longitudinal proximity. In 49 B.C., during the Civil War, Caesar conquered Marseilles after a bloody victory at sea against Pompcy’s supporters.

To those who knew it Folquet was my name; this sphere of heaven bears my imprint now as from my day of birth I bore its own.

96

Dido, Belus’ child, did not burn more, wronging Sichaeus and Creusa, too, than I burned loving till my hair turned grey;

99

nor she of Rhodope who was betrayed by her Demophoön, nor Hercules when he enclosed lole in his heart.

102

But we do not repent, we smile instead: not at the sin—this does not come to mind— but at the Power that orders and provides.

105

From here we gaze upon that art which works with such effective love; we see the Good by which the world below returns above.

108

But now that I may fully satisfy all of your wishes born within this sphere, let me proceed. It is your wish to know

111

who this one is within the luminance you see in all its splendor next to me like crystal water struck by rays of light.

114

94. Folquet of Marseilles (born ca. 1160) was a troubadour and poet. The son of a rich merchant of Genoa, Folquet devoted much of his life to pleasure and was well known for his amorous affairs. Later, however, he became a Cistercian monk and rose to become abbot of Torronet in 1201 and bishop of Toulouse in 1205. He died in 1231.

100-102. Rhodope is a mountain in Thrace. Phyllis, daughter of King Sithon of Thrace, was to marry Demophoön. When he did not appear on the wedding day, she hanged herself and was changed into an almond tree. Hercules loved lole, daughter of Eurytus, king of Thessalian Oechalia, and abducted her after killing her father. His wife, Deianira, in order to recover his love, sent Hercules a shirt bathed in the blood of the centaur Nessus, believing that blood to carry a love potion. The centaur had tricked her, however, and Hercules was poisoned. In despair and grief, she killed herself.

Know, then, that there within Rahab has peace, and once joined with our order, she impressed her seal upon it at the highest rank.

117

To this sphere where the shadow of your earth comes to an end, she was the first to rise among the souls redeemed in Christ’s great triumph.

120

It was most fitting that she be received and left in one of our spheres as a palm of that great victory won by those two palms,

123

for it was Rahab who made possible Joshua’s first glory in the Holy Land— which seems to matter little to the Pope.

126

Your city—which was planted by the one, the first to turn against his Maker’s power, and whose fierce envy brought the world such woe—

129

creates and circulates the wicked flower that turns the shepherds into ravening wolves and breaks the fold and lets the lambs run wild.

132

115. This is Rahab, the Whore of Jericho. When Joshua sent spies to scout that city prior to battle, Rahab hid them from the king’s men, and aided their escape. Because she thus helped the people of Israel to regain the promised land, her soul rose from Limbo to Heaven immediately after the Crucifixion.

118-119. According to Ptolomy and Alfraganus, the Arabic astrologer, the shadow of the earth extended in a kind of cone shape with its point reaching no farther than the sphere of Venus. Metaphorically, these verses suggest that Venus is the last of the spheres containing souls that once were marked by an excess of earthly inclination.

120. Christ’s “great triumph” was the harrowing of Hell.

122-123. The “palm” is the symbol of victory over Hell by means of the crucifixion. The “two palms” are those of Christ which were willingly extended and nailed to the Cross for the redemption of mankind.

127-129. Lucifer, the first to fall away from God, envied the happiness of Adam and Eve and made them sin, the result of which was Original Sin and the world’s grief.

The Gospel and the fathers of the Church lie gathering dust, and Canon Law alone is studied, as the margins testify.

135

The Pope and Cardinals heed nothing else; their thoughts do not go out to Nazareth where Gabriel once opened wide his wings.

138

But Vatican and every sacred place in Rome which marked the burial-ground of saints who fought in Peter’s army to the death,

141

shall soon be free of this adultery. ”

CANTO X

P
RAISING THE CREATED
order which reflects its Creator, Dante the Poet marvels at the exactitude of the structure and workings of the universe. The Pilgrim, unaware of rising there, discovers himself in the sphere of the sun, surrounded by spirits of such brilliance that their lights are distinct from the light of the sun. Dancing and singing in their joy, the spirits form a circle, making Dante and his guide their center, but they soon pause in their movement to provide an answer to Dante’s evident, though unexpressed, desire to have the souls identified. Thomas Aquinas steps forward to introduce his fellow spirits, all known for their wisdom and learning. The spirits then resume their song and motion, singing and turning with such harmony that they resemble the workings of a clock which calls the faithful to prayer.

Looking upon His Son with all that love

which each of them breathes forth eternally,

that uncreated, ineffable first One,

3

134-135. The books of Canon Law (the decretals) are the papal decrees or epistles, usually composed in reply to a question of ecclesiastical law, and forming the foundation of a large part of general Church law.

137-138. It was at Nazareth in the Holy Land that the Annunciation took place and the angel Gabriel “opened wide his wings” in homage to Mary.

has fashioned all that moves in mind and space in such sublime proportions that no one can sec it and not feel His Presence there.

6

Look up now, Reader, with me to the spheres; look straight to that point of the lofty wheels where the one motion and the other cross,

9

and there begin to revel in the work of that great Artist who so loves His art, His gaze is fixed on it perpetually.

12

Consider how the wheel the planets ride branches from there obliquely; this it does to satisfy the earth that calls on them;

15

for if their track had not been set aslant, then the great powers of Heaven would be vain and Earth’s potentialities stillborn;

18

and if its deviation from the straight were greater than it is, or less, disorder would come about in both our hemispheres.

21

Now, Reader, do not leave the table yet, reflect upon what you have only tasted, if you would dine on joy before you tire.

24

I put the food out; now you feed yourself, because the theme which makes of me its scribe demands all of my concentration now.

27

The most sublime of Nature’s ministers, which stamps the plan of Heaven on the world and with its light measures the time for us,

30

now being in conjunction with that place I pointed out, was wheeling through the spirals in which we see it earlier each day;

33

28. The “most sublime” is the sun. As the symbol of intellectual power and illumination, it represents the Creator Himself.

and I was in the sun, no more aware of my ascent than one can be aware of how a thought will come before it comes.

36

She it is, Beatrice, guides our climb from good to better instantaneously— her action has no measurement in time.

39

How brilliant in its essence must have been what shone within the sun, where I had come, not with its color but with light on light!

42

Even if I called on genius, art, and skill, I could not make this live before your eyes— a man must trust and long to see it there.

45

If our imagination cannot rise to such a height, no need to be surprised. No eye has known light brighter than the sun’s;

48

So, there within, shone God’s fourth family whom the High Father keeps in constant bliss showing them how He breathes, how He begets.

51

Then Beatrice said: “And now give thanks, thanks to the Sun of Angels by whose grace you have ascended to this sun of sense. ”

54

No mortal heart was ever more disposed to do devotion and to yield itself to God so fully and so readily

57

than mine was at her words. So totally did I direct all of my love to Him, that Beatrice, eclipsed, had left my mind.

60

But this did not displease her, and she smiled so that the splendor of her laughing eyes broke my mind’s spell. Again I was aware

63

49-51. These souls found in the fourth sphere of the heavens are those who were endowed with great wisdom: the theologians and philosophers and other great and wise thinkers.

of many things: flashes of living light made us a center and themselves a crown— their voices sweeter than their aspect bright:

66

the way Latona’s daughter sometimes seems, girt by her halo when the pregnant air catches the threads of moonlight in her belt.

69

In heaven’s court from where I have returned there are some jewels too precious and too rich to be brought back to Earth from out that realm,

72

and one such gem—the song those splendors sang: who does not grow the wings to fly up there, awaits these tidings from the tongueless here.

75

When singing, circling, all those blazing suns had wheeled around the two of us three times like stars that circle close to the fixed poles,

78

they stopped like ladies still in dancing mood, who pause in silence listening to catch the rhythm of the new notes of the dance.

81

Then from within its light a voice spoke: “Since the ray of grace by which true love is kindled and then grows lovingly the more it loves,

84

shines forth in you so greatly magnified that it allows you to ascend these stairs which none descends except to mount again—

87

one could no more deny your thirsty soul wine from his flask than could a moving stream refuse to keep on flowing to the sea.

90

It is your wish to know what kinds of flowers make up this crown which lovingly surrounds the lovely lady who strengthens you for Heaven.

93

67-69. Latona’s daughter is Diana or the moon. The circle of light, made up of the souls of the wise, within which Dante and Beatrice are girdled is compared here to a vaporous “halo” around the moon.

83. This
“true Love”
is the love of God.

I was one of the sacred flock of lambs led by Saint Dominic along the road where all may fatten if they do not stray.

96

This spirit close by, at my right, was brother and master to me: Albert of Cologne he was, and I am Thomas of Aquino.

99

If you would like to learn about the rest, let your eyes follow where my words shall lead all the way round this blessed wreath of souls.

102

The next flame is the light of Gratian’s smile, who served so well in the two courts of law that Heaven finds great joy in having him.

105

The next one who illuminates our choir was that same Peter who, like the poor widow, offered his modest treasure to the Church.

108

The fifth light, the most beautiful of all, breathes from a love so passionate that men still hunger down on earth to know his fate;

111

94. The speaker here is Thomas Aquinas (1225?-1274), referred to in his time as the Angelic Doctor, the most famous of Catholic theologians, although he does not identify himself until line 99. Born of a noble family (his father was the Count of Aquino), he was educated by the Benedictines; he then entered the Dominican order and studied under Albertus Magnus in Cologne.

98. Albert of Cologne was Albertus Magnus (1193?-1280), also from a noble family, a fellow Dominican and teacher of Thomas Aquinas. He studied philosophy at Paris, Padua, and Bologna and was known as the Universal Doctor because of his vast learning.

103-105. Gratian, a Benedictine monk, was born around the end of the eleventh century at Chiusi in Tuscany and was the originator of the science of canon law.

106-108. Peter Lombard, born in Novara (ca. 1100-ca. 1160)—known as the “Master of the Sentences” from the title of his
Sententiarum libri quatuor
—studied at Bologna and Paris, where he held a chair in theology.

109-114. Solomon, son of David and King of Israel, appears here as the only Old Testament figure, and he is honored as the “most beautiful, ” apparently for his superior wisdom and the fact that he is the author of the Canticle of Canticles which came to be interpreted as the mystical marriage of Christ and the Church. Besides being credited as the author of
Proverbs
and the
Book of Wisdom,
Solomon was singled out by God to receive a unique gift of wisdom.

BOOK: The Portable Dante
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