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Authors: Dante Alighieri

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128.
“Virum non cognosco”
is the first example of the virtue of Chastity: “I know no man, ” taken, as always, from the life of the Virgin Mary. The incident referred to is the Annunciation.

130-131. The second example of Chastity is taken from classical myth. To preserve her virginity, Diana took refuge in the woods as a huntress. When one of her attendants, the nymph Helice, fell prey to the “poison of Venus” and was seduced by Jove, Diana dismissed her. Helice gave birth to Areas but was later transformed into a she-bear by Jove’s wife, Juno. Jove then placed her in the sky as the constellation Ursa Major.

CANTO XXVI

O
NE
OF THE
souls in the flames asks the Pilgrim, whose body has attracted a good deal of attention, to stop and speak, but as he is about to do so, they are interrupted by another group of souls rushing from the opposite direction. The members of the two groups greet each other quickly and then, before separating, shout out exempla of Lust. One group cites Sodom and Gomorrah, and the other, the shameful lust of Pasiphae for the bull. When the commotion has died down, the Pilgrim sets forth the purpose of his journey, and the same soul who had questioned him earlier speaks again. He explains that the souls who had rushed on and off so hurriedly are the Sodomites, and thus they cry “Sodom” in self-reproach. The others are those whose sins have been heterosexual (or hermaphroditic, as Dante puts it), but since they have not acted like human beings, they cry out, to their shame, the animal lust of Pasiphaë. After these clarifications, the speaker identifies himself as Guido Guinizelli, and the Pilgrim demonstrates a profound affection for the Bolognese poet. But Guido protests that there is a far greater poet among them, and yields his place to Arnaut Daniel. Arnaut is the only (non-Italian) figure in the
Divine Comedy
to speak in his native tongue, Provençal.

While we were walking at the ledge’s edge in single file—my good guide telling me from time to time: “I warn you now, take heed!”—

3

the sun shone on my shoulder from the right, and now, the azure of the western sky was slowly turning pale beneath its rays;

6

my shadow made the flames a deeper red, and even this slight evidence, I saw, caused many souls to wonder as they passed.

9

And this was the occasion for those souls to speculate about me. I heard said: “He seems to have a body of real flesh!”

12

Then some of them toward me began to strain, coming as close to me as they could come, most careful not to step out of the fire.

15

“O you who walk behind the other two, surely, as sign of your deep reverence, stop, speak to me whom thirst and fire burn.

18

I’m not the only one—all of us here are thirsty for your words, much thirstier than Ethiopes or Indians for cool drink.

21

Tell us, how is it possible for you to block the sun as if you were a wall, as if you had escaped the net of death?”

24

So said a voice to me. I would have tried already to explain, if something else unusual had not just caught my eye:

27

straight down the middle of the blazing road facing this group, another band of souls was on its way. I stopped to stare, amazed,

30

for I saw shades on either side make haste to kiss each other without lingering, and each with this brief greeting satisfied.

33

The ants in their black ranks do this: they rush to nose each other, as if to inquire which way to go or how their luck has been.

36

As soon as friendly greetings are exchanged, before taking the first step to depart, each one tries to outshout the other’s cry;

39

25. The voice, as we learn later (92), is that of Guido Guinizelli. 29. The group that moves in a direction contrary to the first group and the three travellers is that of the Lustful who practiced homosexuality. This sin will be suggested in line 40 and will be made explicit by Guinizelli in lines 76-81.

the group that just arrived: “Sodom, Gomorrah!” The rest: “Pasiphaë enters the cow so that the bull may rush to mount her lust!”

42

Imagine cranes forming two flocks: one flies off toward the Riphean heights, one toward the sands, one to escape the frost, and one the sun—

45

so, here, two groups went their opposing ways, and all, in tears, took up once more their chants, with cries that fit each of their penances.

48

Then those same shades who had first questioned me drew close to me as they had done before, intent on listening, their faces glowed.

51

And I, who twice now knew their eager wish, began: “O souls assured of entering beatitude whenever it may be,

54

I did not leave my body, green or ripe, below on earth: I have it with me here; it is real flesh, complete with blood and bones.

57

I climb to cure my blindness, for above a lady has won grace for me, that I may bear my mortal burden through your world.

60

But please—so may what you desire most be quickly yours, and Heaven’s greatest sphere shelter you in its loving spaciousness—

63

40. The newly arrived group shouts “Sodom, Gomorrah!” in self-reproach. The city of Sodom gave its name to the sin of sodomy.

41. Pasiphae was the wife of King Minos of Crete, to whom Poseidon sent a black bull to be offered up as a sacrifice. Minos put it in his herd and Poseidon, out of revenge, caused Pasiphaë to lust after the bull. She had Daedalus, the craftsman, make a wooden structure in the shape of a cow, which was covered with a cowhide. Pasiphaë entered the cow and was possessed by the bull. The result of this union was the birth of the Minotaur, a creature half bull, half human (see
Inferno
XII, 12-18).

62. The sphere is the Empyrean, the place from which Beatrice descended to Limbo in order to help her lover.

tell me, who are you? Who are those that run away behind us in the other group? I shall record your answers in my book. ”

66

No less dumbfounded than a mountaineer, who, speechless, gapes at everything he sees, when, rude and rustic, he comes down to town,

69

were all those shades there judging from their looks; but when they had recovered from surprise (which in a noble heart lasts but a while),

72

the same soul who had earlier questioned me began: “Blessed arc you, who from our shores can ship experience back for a better death!

75

The shades that do not move with us were marked by that same sin for which Caesar as he passed in triumph heard himself called a ‘Queen’;

78

and that is why you heard ‘Sodom!’ cried out in self-reproach, as they ran off from us; they use their shame to intensify the flames.

81

And ours was an hermaphroditic sin, but since we did not act like human beings, yielding instead, like animals, to lust,

84

when we pass by the other group, we shout to our own shame the shameful name of her who bestialized herself in beast-shaped wood.

87

Now you know what our guilt is. Should you want to know our names, I do not know them all, and if I did, there still would not be time.

90

As for my name, I can fulfill your wish: I am Guido Guinizelli—here so soon, for I repented long before I died. ”

93

82. By “hermaphroditic” Dante means heterosexual, male with female.

86. The “shameful name” is Pasiphaë (see note at 41).

As King Lycurgus raged with grief, two sons discovered their lost mother and rejoiced—I felt the same (though more restrained) to hear

96

that spirit name himself—father of me and father of my betters, all who wrote a sweet and graceful poetry of love.

99

I heard no more, I did not speak, I walked deep in my thoughts, my eyes fixed on his shade; the flames kept me from coming close to him.

102

At last my eyes were satisfied. And then I spoke, convincing him of my deep wish to serve him in whatever way I could.

105

He answered me: “What I just heard you say has made a deep impression on my mind, which even Lethe cannot wash away.

108

But if what you have told me is the truth, now tell me what it is that makes you show in words and looks this love you have for me?”

111

And I to him: “Those graceful poems of yours, which, for as long as our tongue serves for verse, will render precious even the ink you used. ”

114

“My brother, I can show you now, ” he said (he pointed to a spirit up ahead), “a better craftsman of his mother tongue.

117

94-95. The sons’ mother is Hypsipyle, wife of Jason, to whom she had borne two sons; she was captured by pirates and sold to Lycurgus, king of Nemea, who appointed her nurse of his infant son.

108. Lethe is the traditional river of oblivion, which we are soon to see at the summit of the mountain of Purgatory.

117. The craftsman is the Provencal poet Arnaut Daniel, who flourished between 1180 and ca. 1210. He is credited with the invention of the sestina, which Dante adopted, and he wrote in the obscure style of the
trobar clus.
He is also the author of some of the most pornographic poetry in Provencal literature.

Poets of love, writers of tales in prose— better than all of them he was! They’re fools who think him of Limoges a greater poet!

120

They judge by reputation, not by truth, their minds made up before they know the rules of reason and the principles of art.

123

Guittone was judged this way in the past; many praised him and him alone—though, now, most men have been won over to the truth.

126

But now, if that high privilege be yours of climbing to the cloister, there where Christ is Abbot of the holy college, then,

129

please say a
Paternoster
for me there—at least the part appropriate for us, who are by now delivered from all evil. ”

132

Then, to make room for someone else, perhaps, he disappeared into the depths of fire the way fish seeking deeper waters fade.

135

I moved up toward the shade just pointed out, and told him my desire had prepared a gracious place of welcome for his name.

138

He readily and graciously replied: “Tan m’abellis vostre cortes deman, Qu’ieu no me puesc no voill a vos cobrire.

141

120. The poet of Limoges is Guiraut de Bornellh (1175-1220), another famous Provençal poet, with a far simpler style than Arnaut Daniel’s.

133. Guinizelli, who has been on stage since line 16, now retreats farther into the flame.

140-147. “Your elegant request so pleases me, / I could not possibly conceal my name. / I am Arnaut, singing now through my tears, / regretfully recalling my past follies, / and joyfully anticipating joy. / I beg you, in the name of that great power / guiding you to the summit of the stairs, / remember, in good times, my suffering here. ”

Ieu sui Arnaut, que plor e vau cantan; consiros vei la passada folor, e vei jausen lo joi qu’esper, denan.

144

Ara vos prec, per aquella valor que vos guida al som de l’escalina, sovenha vos a temps de ma dolor!”

147

Then in the purifying flames he hid.

CANTO XXVII

T
HE SUN IS
near setting when the poets leave the souls of the Lustful and encounter the angel of Chastity, singing the beatitude “Blessed are the Pure of Heart. ” The angel tells them that they can go no farther without passing through the flames, but, numbed with fear, the Pilgrim hesitates for a long time. Finally Virgil prevails upon him and they make the crossing through the excruciating heat. As they emerge on the other side, they hear the invitation “Come O ye blessed of my Father, ” and an angel exhorts them to climb as long as there is still daylight. But soon the sun sets and the poets are overcome by sleep. Toward morning the Pilgrim dreams of Leah and Rachel, who represent the active and contemplative lives, respectively. When he awakes, he is refreshed and eager and races up the remaining steps. In the last few lines Virgil describes the moral development achieved by the Pilgrim

such that he no longer needs his guidance. These are the last words that Virgil will speak in the poem.

It was the hour the sun’s first rays shine down upon the land where its Creator shed his own life’s blood, the hour the Ebro flows

3

1-6. The hour is six o’clock in the morning at Jerusalem, midnight at Spain (where the Ebro River is located), noon at India (through which the Ganges flows), and six o’clock in the evening at Purgatory.

beneath high Scales, and Ganges’ waters boil in noonday heat: so day was fading, then, when God’s angel of joy appeared to us.

6

Upon the bank beyond the fire’s reach he stood, singing
Beati mundo corde!
The living beauty of his voice rang clear.

9

Then: “Holy souls, no farther can you go without first suffering fire. So, enter now, and be not deaf to what is sung beyond, ”

12

he said to us as we came up to him. I, when I heard these words, felt like a man who is about to be entombed alive.

15

Gripping my hands together, I leaned forward and, staring at the fire, I recalled what human bodies look like burned to death.

18

Both of my friendly guides turned toward me then, and Virgil said to me: “O my dear son, there may be pain here, but there is no death.

21

Remember all your memories! If I took care of you when we rode Geryon, shall I do less when we are nearer God?

24

Believe me when I say that if you spent a thousand years within the fire’s heart, it would not singe a single hair of yours;

27

and if you still cannot believe my words, approach the fire and test it for yourself on your own robe: just touch it with the hem.

30

It’s time, high time, to put away your fears; turn towards me, come, and enter without fear!” But I stood there, immobile—and ashamed.

33

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