The Sports Gene: Inside the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance (39 page)

GEAR study,
84
,
108

Geary, David C.,
63
–64,
66
,
73

Gebrselassie, Haile,
237

gene-doping,
106

gene-free model of expertise,
1
–17

brain automation and,
13
–14

chunking theory and,
9
–10,
11
–12,
14

database of body movements and,
12
–13

de Groot’s chess experiments and,
8
–9

eye movement tracking and,
10
–11,
13

occlusion test and,
6
–8,
11
–12

practice and (
See
practice)

simple reaction time and,
4
–5,
6

10,000 hours to expertise rule (
See
10,000 hours to expertise rule)

Genel, Myron,
58
,
70

general athleticism

Australian Institute of Sports (AIS) skeleton experiment and,
48
–50

tennis skill acquisition and,
44
–46

genes/genetics,
53
–55,
82
–85.
See also
specific genes

ApoE gene and variants,
253
–57

body weight, effect on,
122
–23

collagen genes (COL1A1 and COL5A1),
257
–58

CREB1 gene,
85

hardware and software paradigm (
See
hardware and software paradigm)

height and,
136
–38

human genome, sequencing of,
82
–83

injuries and (
See
injuries)

Jamaican sprinters, genetic studies of,
166
–69

Kalenjin runners and,
195
–99

malaria and muscle fiber theory (
See
malaria and muscle fiber theory)

male/female differences (
See
male/female differences in athletic performance)

Mäntyranta family EPOR mutation and,
273
–81

muscles and,
101
–9

pain and (
See
pain)

personalized medicine and,
84
–85

race and genetic diversity (
See
race, and genetic diversity)

RUNX1 gene,
83
–84

SRY gene,
61
,
71
,
74

testing (
See
genetic testing)

trainability and,
83
–85

voluntary physical activity and,
238
–41

work ethic, breeding for (
See
work ethic, breeding for)

genetic drift,
147

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA),
251

Genetic Technologies,
156

genetic testing

for ApoE4 gene,
255
–57

collagen gene testing,
258

for HCM,
248
–51

“injury gene” testing,
258
–59

REVEAL Study of reactions to results of ApoE testing,
257

sex testing,
56
–59,
69
–70

Genghis Khan,
67

geographic ancestry, DNA identification of,
149

geography and limb-length differences,
140
–41,
175

GIANT Consortium study,
122
–23

Giles, Brian,
3

Gknowmix,
258

Gladwell, Malcolm,
19
,
22
,
28
,
131

Glaz, Dan,
242
–43

Gleaner, The,
176

Gledhill, Norman,
90
–91

Gluppe, George S.,
90

Gobet, Fernand,
21
–22,
23
,
51

Goldis, Al,
43

Goldman, David,
262
–63,
265

golf experiment, of McLaughlin,
18
–20

gorillas,
65
–66

Graf, Steffi,
46

Greely, Hank,
286

Green, Robert C.,
257

Gretzky, Wayne,
240

Grimsley, John,
254
–55

Grimsley, Virginia,
254
–55

Groningen talent studies,
46
–48,
173

Gulbin, Jason,
48
–49,
54

Hakulinen, Veikko,
273

Hall, Ryan,
216

hardware and software paradigm,
38
–55

depth perception and ability to learn catching skills,
43
–44

deterministic
versus
predispositional view of genes,
53
–55

early childhood specialization and,
51
–53

skeleton experiment, and general athleticism,
48
–50

speed and,
46
–48

tennis skill acquisition, impact of general athleticism on,
44
–46

visual acuity of baseball players and,
38
–43

Harper, Joanna,
72
–73

Hayes, Chuck,
135

HCM.
See
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Hebb, D. O.,
264

height,
128
–34,
136
–38

bell curve of,
130
–31

genetics and,
136
–38

identical twin studies and,
136
,
137

increase in twentieth century in,
131

percentage of seven-footers in NBA,
131
–33

threshold hypothesis of,
131
–32

hemoglobin

levels

as adaptation to malaria,
180
–82

in African Americans,
178
–79

Mäntyranta family EPOR mutation and,
273
–81

oxygen saturation of,
211

HERITAGE Family Study,
79
–86,
290

Hernandez, Keith,
42

Herrion, Thomas,
246

HEXA gene,
146

high jump,
23
–33

Achilles tendon, role of,
32
–33

Holm, Stefan and,
23
–29,
31
–32

Thomas, Donald and,
29
–31

Hoar, Melissa,
49

Holliday, Trindon,
174

Holm, Johnny,
25
,
27
,
28
,
32

Holm, Stefan,
23
–29,
31
–32,
237

Holway, Francis,
123
–24,
125
–26

human genome, sequencing of,
82
–83

Human Genome Project,
84

Hunter, Gary,
32
–33

Huson, Heather,
232

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM),
242
–51,
285
–86

autosomal dominant heredity of,
246
–47

enlarged heart as sign of,
250

gene mutations identified as causing,
247
–48

prevalence in U.S. population,
245

testing for,
248
–51

“Ice Novice to Winter Olympian in 14 months” (Bullock et al.),
49

identical twin studies

and height,
136
,
137

and voluntary physical activity,
238
–39

Iditarod,
223
–24,
228
,
229
–30

IGF-1,
105
–6

IGF-1Ea gene,
109

injuries,
254
–59

brain trauma, and ApoE4 gene,
254
–57

collagen genes and,
257
–58

tendon and ligament injuries,
257
–59

intersex conditions, in Olympics,
70
–72

iron supplements, and severe malaria,
181
–82

Ishikawa, Masaki,
32
,
33

Jackson, Colin,
167

Jamaican sprinters,
158
–74

genetic studies of,
166
–69

leg-length of,
175

muscle fiber and,
173

Pitsiladis’ study of,
158
–69

warrior-slave theory of,
163
–66

youth track programs and,
169
–74

James, LeBron,
130
,
134

Jamnik, Veronica,
90
–91

Japanese junior athletes, study of,
98
–99

Jobs, Steve,
285

Johnson, Calvin,
173

Johnson, Glen,
256

Johnson, Jack,
176

Johnson, Michael,
166

Johnson, Ted,
256
–57

Jones, Andrew M.,
221

Jones, Edward,
141

Jones, Marion,
171

Jordan, Barry,
255
–56,
257

Jordan, Michael,
51
,
130
,
132
,
283

Journal of Applied Physiology,
84
,
179

Journal of the National Medical Association,
178

Juantorena, Alberto,
96

Juvonen, Eeva,
275

Kalenjin runners,
186
–99

achievements of,
191
–94

altitude and,
210
,
213
,
215

body type and,
196
–99

cattle raiding and,
190
–91

distal weight of,
197

genetic studies of,
195
–99

KenSAP program and,
186
–88,
193
–94

running economy and,
197
–98

socioeconomic factors and,
207
–10

Karl, Coby,
139

Karros, Eric,
39

Kastor, Deena,
214

Keflezighi, Meb,
95
–96,
214

Kelly, James P.,
256

Kemp, Justin,
91

KenSAP (Kenya Scholar-Athlete Project),
186
–88,
193
–94

Kenyan runners,
186
–99,
201
–3

Kalenjin runners (
See
Kalenjin runners)

KenSAP program and,
186
–88,
193
–94

socioeconomic factors and,
207
–10

statistical projections of Kenyan runners’ performance,
201
–2

training of,
204
–7

Kidd, Judith,
146

Kidd, Kenneth,
142
–47,
150
,
151
,
183
,
283

Kimutai, Japhet,
193

Kinuthia, Ibrahim,
206

Kipketer, Wilson,
193
,
209

Kiplagat, Evans,
204
–5

Kipnis, Jason,
41

Kipnis, Mark,
41

Kiprotich, Stephen,
191

Kiprugut, Wilson,
189

Kiptanui, Moses,
206
,
209

Kirschen, David G.,
41
,
43

Klawans, Harold,
51

Kogut, Eileen,
246
,
247
,
248
–49

Kogut, Joe,
246

Kogut, Mark,
246

Korir, Amos,
191
–92

Kosgei, Evans,
194

Kosgei, Peter,
194

Krieger, Heidi (Andreas),
69

Laby, Daniel M.,
41
,
43

lactose tolerance,
147
–48

Larmer, Brook,
288

Larsen, Bob,
214

Larsen, Henrik,
198

Lasorda, Tommy,
39
–40

“Late Specialization: The Key to Success in Centimeters, Grams or Seconds (cgs) Sports,”
52

Latimer, Bruce,
65

Lee, Se-Jin,
101
–3,
104
–5

left-handedness,
64
–65

Le Gallais, Daniel,
183
–84

leg-length.
See
limb-length

Lewis, Carl,
115

Lieberman, Dan,
74

ligament injuries,
257
–59

Lightfoot, Tim,
239
–40

limb-length

arm span, of NBA basketball players,
134
–35

geographic differences and,
140
–41,
175

of Jamaican sprinters,
175

of Kalenjin runners,
196
–99

racial differences and,
138
–40

Lohr, Lane,
29
,
30

Lomong, Lopez,
201

longitudinal study,
20

Lost Boys,
200
–1

Mach, Abraham,
200
–1

Mackey, Dick,
225
–26

Mackey, Kathie,
226

Mackey, Lance,
223
–29,
232

Mackey, Tonya,
225
,
227
,
229

Making of Me, The
(BBC program),
167

malaria and muscle fiber theory,
175
–85

fast-twitch muscle fiber increase and,
175
–76,
180
,
182
–84

iron supplements, and severe malaria,
181
–82

low hemoglobin

as adaptation to malaria,
180
–82

in African Americans,
178
–79

sickle-cell trait and,
177
–81

Male, Female: The Evolution of Human Sex Differences
(Geary),
64

male/female differences in athletic performance,
56
–74

effect of male hormones in females,
69

larger number of female than male ancestors and,
66
–67

Martínez-Patiño, female status of,
56
–59

papers suggesting women will outrun men,
59
–60

physical differences between sexes,
64
–65