The Story of Ireland: A History of the Irish People (51 page)

3.
Anonymous (ninth-century Ireland).

4.
James H. Todd,
The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill or The Invasions of Ireland by the Danes and other Norsemen
(London, 1867), quoted in Ó. Cróinín,
Early Medieval Ireland
, 262.

5.
John O’Donovan (trans. and ed.),
Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland, by the Four Masters, From the Earliest period to the Year 1616
(Vol. II), (Dublin: Hodges, Swift and Co., 1854), 741.

6.
Njál’s Saga
, trans. Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Pálsson (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1960), 157.

Part 2

Chapter 3 – The Lordship of Ireland

1.
Giraldus Cambrensis (Gerald of Wales),
Expugnatio Hibernica: The Conquest of Ireland
, A. B. Scott and F. X. Martin (eds), (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1978), 37.

2.
Peter J. Conradi,
At the Bright Hem of God: Radnorshire Pastoral
(Bridgend: Seren, 2009), 50.

3.
Giraldus,
Expugnatio,
41–2.

4.
The Song of Dermot and the Earl
, trans. and ed. G. H. Orpen (Oxford, 1892), 3.

5.
Ibid, 5.

6.
St Bernard of Clairvaux,
The Life of St Malachy of Armagh
, trans. and ed. H. J. Lawlor (London, [1149] 1920), 37.

7.
Seán MacAirt (ed.),
Annals of Innisfallen
(Dublin: Institute of Advanced Studies, 1951), 303.

8.
William Hennessy (trans. and ed.),
Annals of Loch Cé
(London: Longman, 1871), 143.

9.
Annals of Loch Cé
, 145.

10.
Giraldus,
Expugnatio
, 77.

11.
Ibid., 95–7.

12.
See Jessica McMorrow, ‘Women in Medieval Dublin’, in
Medieval Dublin
, ed. Seán Duffy (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001), esp. 205.

13.
Giraldus,
Expugnatio
, 237.

14.
M. P. Sheehy (ed.),
Pontificia Hibernica: medieval papal chancery documents concerning Ireland, 640–1261
(Dublin, 1962–5), cited in F. X. Martin, ‘John, lord of Ireland 1185–1216’, in Art Cosgrove (ed.),
A New History of Ireland II: Medieval Ireland, 1169–1534
(Oxford: Clarendon, 1987), 153.

15.
Chronique de la traison et mort de Richart [sic] Deux Dengleterre
, ed. and trans. Benjamin Williams (English Historical Society, 1846), 171; cited in Seán Duffy, ‘King John’s Expedition to Ireland, 1210: The Evidence Reconsidered’,
Historical Society Studies
, Vol. 30, No. 117 (May 1996), 1–24.

16.
For a longer discussion, see Robin Frame,
Colonial Ireland, 1169–1369
(Dublin: Helicon, 1981), esp. 109.

17.
Giraldus,
Expugnatio
, 195, cited in Frame,
Colonial Ireland
, 73.

Chapter 4 – Wasted and Consumed

1.
James Lydon, ‘A land of war’, in
A New History of Ireland II
, 243.

2.
Friar Clyn,
The Annals of Ireland by Friar John Clyn
, ed. Richard Butler (Dublin, 1907), 210.

3.
This figure for the population of Dublin is very approximate. Estimates vary considerably and it is impossible to guess the population of Ireland as a whole at this time. For a fuller discussion, see Maria Kelly,
The Great Dying: The Black Death in Dublin
(Stroud: Tempus, 1993).

4.
Statutes and ordinances, and acts of the parliament of Ireland, King John to Henry V
, ed. H. F. Berry (Dublin, 1907), 210.

5.
Adam of Usk,
Chronicon
, ed. E. M. Thompson (London: 1994), 151.

6.
State Papers of Henry VIII
(11 vols, London, 1830–52), Vol. II, 141, quoted in G. A. Hayes-McCoy, ‘The royal supremacy and ecclesiastical revolution, 1534–47’, in T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin and F. J. Byrne (eds),
A New History of Ireland II: Early Modern Ireland, 1534–1691
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), 66.

7.
‘The vocation of John Bale’, in
Harleian Miscellany
, vi (1745), 416–17, in Moody et al. (eds)
A New History of
Ireland
III
, 75.

8.
National Archives of the United Kingdom: SP 63.29.

9.
Anthony M. McCormack,
The Earldom of Desmond, 1463–1583: The Decline and Crisis of a Feudal Lordship
(Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005), 119.

10.
Edmund Spenser,
A View of the Present State of Ireland
(1633), in Seamus Deane (ed.),
Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing
, Vol. I (Derry: Field Day, 1991), 178.

11.
Ibid., 192.

12.
Calendar of State Papers 1600–01
, quoted in R. A. Butlin, ‘Land and people,
c
.1600’, in Moody et al. (eds),
A New History of Ireland III: Early Modern Ireland
, 160.

13.
Quoted in S. J. Connolly,
Contested Island: Ireland 1460–1630
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 244.

Part 3

Chapter 5 – A Rude and Remote Kingdom

1.
David Trimble, Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, Oslo, 1998, quoted in Conor Gearty, ‘An Escalation of Reasonableness’, in
London Review of Books
, Vol. 23, No. 17, 6 September 2001, 19.

2.
Calendar of State Papers 1600–01
quoted in Butlin, ‘Land and people,
c
.1600’, in Moody et al. (eds),
A New History of Ireland III
, 160.

3.
Already, in the previous century, Edmund Spenser had noted the possibilities of the ‘fishy, fruitfull Ban’ in
The Faerie Queene
, Book IV, Canto XI, xli (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1935), 147.

4.
Motives and reasons to induce the city of London to undertake the Plantation in the North of Ireland
(May 1609), reproduced on
http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/yourplaceandmine/londonderry

5.
Cited in S. J. Connolly,
Contested Island
, 302.

6.
Quoted in Marianne Elliott,
The Catholics of Ulster: A History
(London: Allen Lane, 2000), 88.

7.
James Cranford,
The Tears of Ireland. Wherein is lively presented as in a map, a list of the unheard of cruelties and perfidious treacheries of blood-thirsty Jesuits and the Popish faction,
quoted in Micheál Ó’Siochrú, ‘Oliver Cromwell and the massacre at Drogheda’, in David Edwards, Pádraig Lenihan and Clodagh Tait (eds),
Age of Atrocity: Violence and Political Conflict in Early Modern Ireland
(Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2007), 268.

8.
Winston Churchill,
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Vol. II: The New World
(London: Cassell, 1956), 232.

9.
Parliamentary speech, 12 September 1654, quoted in Micheál Ó’Siochrú,
God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland
(London: Faber, 2008), 5.

10.
‘Britanno-Hibernus’,
An appeal to the people of Ireland
(Dublin, 1749), quoted in Ian McBride,
Eighteenth-Century Ireland: The Isle of Slaves
(Dublin, Gill & Macmillan, 2009), 7.

11.
Nicholas French,
The unkinde deserter of loyall men and true frinds
(1846 edn.), 13, cited in Patrick J. Corish, ‘The Cromwellian Conquest, 1649–55’, in Moody et al. (eds.),
A New History of Ireland III
, 336.

12.
Quoted in D. Murphy,
Cromwell in Ireland
(Dublin, 1885), cited in Pádraig Lenihan,
Consolidating Conquest: Ireland, 1603–1727
(Harlow: Pearson, 2008), 128.

13.
Cromwell to John Bradshaw, 16 September 1649, quoted in Ó’Siochrú,
God’s Executioner
, 5.

14.
Cromwell to Bradshaw, ibid., 82.

15.
Quoted in John Morrill, ‘The Drogheda Massacre in Cromwellian Context’, in Edwards et al. (eds),
Age of Atrocity,
249.

16.
Andrew Marvell, ‘An Horatian Ode on Cromwell’s Return from Ireland’, in
Andrew Marvell: The Complete English Poems
, ed. Elizabeth Story Donno (London: Allen Lane, 1972), 56–7.

17.
‘A bloody Fight in Ireland between the Parliaments Forces and the Kings Forces’ (London, 1652), 8, quoted in Ó’Siochrú,
God’s Executioner
, 212.

18.
Cromwell to Edmund Ludlow, in C. H. Firen (ed.),
Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow
(1894), Vol I, 246–7, quoted in Christopher Hill,
God’s Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), 118.

19.
Quoted in Piers Wauchope,
Patrick Sarsfield and the Williamite War
(Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1992), 220.

Chapter 6 – A Divided Nation

1.
The British Muse
(London, 1700), cited in J. G. Simms, ‘The war of the two kings, 1685–91’, in Moody et al. (eds),
A New History of Ireland
III, 507.

2.
‘An Act to prevent Protestants intermarrying with Papists’ (Section One), 1697.

3.
‘Letter to Sir Henry Langrishe, Bart M.P., on the subject of the Roman Catholics of Ireland, and the propriety of Admitting them to the Elective Franchise, Consistent with the principles of the Constitution, as established at the Revolution’, in
The Works of Edmund Burke
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1839), 530.

4.
Jonathan Swift,
A Modest Proposal
(Amherst: Prometheus Books, [1729] 1995), 291.

5.
National Library of Ireland, Pos 3142.

6.
Northern Star
, 7 November 1792.

7.
‘Declaration and Resolutions of the Society of United Irishmen of Belfast’, quoted in Thomas Bartlett (ed.),
Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone
(Dublin: Lilliput, 1998), 298–9.

8.
Ibid., 107–8.

9.
Ibid., 480–1.

10.
Hansard
, House of Lords debate, 19 February 1798.

11.
‘Terraced thousands died,’ writes Seamus Heaney, ‘shaking scythes at cannon. /The hillside blushed, soaked in our broken wave.’ From ‘Requiem for the Croppies’, in
Selected Poems
,
1965–75
(London: Faber, 1980), 33.

12.
Proceedings of a Military Court held in Dublin Barracks on Saturday the Tenth of November, for the Trial of Theobald Wolfe Tone
(Dublin, 1798), 7.

13.
Quoted in Bartlett,
Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone
, 876.

14.
Quoted in Marianne Elliott,
Wolfe Tone: Prophet of Irish Independence
(London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 393.

15.
Memoirs and Correspondence of Lord Castlereagh, Second Marquis of Londonderry, edited by his Brother, Charles Vane, Marquis of Londonderry
, Vol. II:
Arrangements for a Union
(London, 1843), 7; quoted in Paul Bew,
Ireland: The Politics of Enmity, 1789–2006
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 1.

Part 4

Chapter 7 – Union

1.
Jonah Barrington,
Historical Memoirs
(1833), Vol. II, 332.

2.
National Library of Ireland, MS 2007, Castlereagh to the Knight of Kerry, 21 November 1798, quoted in Paul Bew,
Ireland: The Politics of Enmity
, 46.

3.
Pitt to Westmorland, 8 November 1792, quoted in G. C. Bolton,
The Passing of the Irish Act of Union
(London, 1966), 12, quoted in Patrick M. Geoghegan, ‘The Catholics and the Union’, in
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
Vol. 10 (2000), 244.

4.
The Speech of the Rt Hon. William Pitt in the British House of Commons on Thursday, 31 January 1799
(Dublin, 1799), 127, quoted in Bew,
Ireland
, 54.

5.
‘I met Murder on the way – he had a mask like Castlereagh’, noted Percy Bysshe Shelley in ‘The Mask of Anarchy’, written in the aftermath of the Peterloo Massacre of 1819, when the military put down a peaceful demonstration near Manchester. In 1822, Castlereagh committed suicide by cutting his throat.

6.
Belfast News Letter,
2 January 1801, quoted in Bew:
Ireland
, 61–2.

7.
Percy Bysshe Shelley, ‘England in 1819’, in
Norton Anthology of English Literature
(London and New York: Norton, 1986), 694.

8.
Quoted in G. C. Bolton,
The Passing of the Irish Act of Union
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966), 212.

9.
Cornwallis to Portland, 1 December 1800, in
The Correspondence of Charles, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
, ed. Charles Ross, 3 vols (1859), Vol. III, 307, quoted in Geoghegan, ‘The Catholics and the Union’, 243.

10.
Trinity College Library, Dublin, MS 1203.

11.
Denis Johnston, ‘
The Old Lady Says No!’ and Other Plays
(Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown, 1960), 83.

12.
In Keith Jeffrey, ‘The Irish military tradition and the British Empire’, in
An Irish Empire? Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire
, ed. Keith Jeffrey (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1996), 107.

13.
Quoted in Ronan Kelly,
Bard of Erin: The Life of Thomas Moore
(Dublin: Penguin Ireland, 2008), 160.