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Acknowledgements

I acknowledge with gratitude research grant HKU743911H from the Research Grants Council, Hong Kong, and research grant RG016-P-07 from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation, Taiwan, which allowed me to carry out the research for this book. A number of people have read and commented on draft versions, in particular Gail Burrowes, May Holdsworth, Christopher Hutton, Françoise Koolen, Jonathan Mirsky, Veronica Pearson, Robert Peckham, Priscilla Roberts, Perry Svensson and Andrew Walder. Jean Hung, at the Universities Service Centre for China Studies at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, was extraordinarily helpful. David Cheng Chang, Deborah Davis, Roderick MacFarquhar, Theresa Marie Moreau, Glen Peterson, Michael Sheng, Constantine Tung, Eddy U and Arthur Waldron were very kind with comments, suggestions and answers to queries. I owe a great deal to Christopher Hutton for ideas and insights on all aspects of the book. Mark Kramer helped me in gaining access to the archives in Moscow, and the custodians of the Society of the Divine Word in Rome generously allowed me to read through their archives. I used several interviews originally collected by Tammy Ho and Chan Yeeshan in 2006 as part of an earlier project on
Mao’s Great Famine
. I am grateful to Zhou Xun, who provided files from the Sichuan Provincial Archives. The School of Humanities at the University of Hong Kong, in particular the Department of History, has provided a wonderful research environment, and I am indebted to all my colleagues who supported the project, in particular Daniel Chua and Charles Schencking.

I also received help from friends and colleagues in mainland China, but I prefer not to name them for reasons that seem obvious enough. The endnotes, on the other hand, show how the best and most courageous research on the Mao era often comes from the People’s Republic. I am indebted to my publishers, namely Michael Fishwick in London and George Gibson in New York, and my copy-editor Peter James, as well as Anna Simpson, Oliver Holden-Rea, Paul Nash and all the team at Bloomsbury. I would like to convey my gratitude to my literary agent Andrew Wylie in New York and Sarah Chalfant in London. The first sentence in a book always matters a great deal, and so does the last one, in which I would like lovingly to thank my wife Gail Burrowes.

Hong Kong, February 2013

IMAGE SECTION

General Chiang Kai-shek (
left
) and Communist Party leader Mao Zedong, Chongqing, 27 September 1945.

Chinese nationalist troops retreat to the Yangzi River, 31 December 1948.

Soldiers of the People’s Liberation Army, Nanjing, April 1949.

Crowds of onlookers observe the first soldiers of the People’s Liberation Army, April 1949.

Lin Biao, the commander who oversaw the siege of Changchun and conquered Manchuria.

J. Leighton Stuart standing in front of a poster of General George C. Marshall.

Zhou Enlai in Moscow, heading a delegation of government and military leaders in 1952.